The Change in Retentive Values of Locator Attachments and Hader Clips over Time

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine early changes in retentive values of implant overdenture attachments during multiple pulls.
Materials and Methods: Two implant attachment systems (Hader bar and clip, Locator system) were used in this study. The experimental groups were divided into yellow Hader clips, white Locator attachments, and green Locator attachments. Each group consisted of 21 matrix attachments. The attachments were placed into a custom-made acrylic resin block seated passively on another acrylic block containing a Hader bar or two Locator abutments with different angulations. Each attachment was subjected to 20 consecutive pulls using a universal testing machine. The peak load-to-dislodgement of the attachments after each pull was documented, and the percent reduction of the peak load-to-dislodgement was calculated. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference test were used for data analyses. A p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: There was a significant difference in the percent reduction in peak load-to-dislodgement between the attachments after the first pull ( p = 0.005) and after the final pull ( p = 0.0001). The yellow Hader clips exhibited the least percent reduction in peak load-to-dislodgement (6.50 ± 3.59%) after the first pull, followed by the white Locator attachments (8.60 ± 4.42%); the green Locator attachments exhibited the greatest reduction (11.05 ± 4.94%).
Conclusion: The results of this in vitro study demonstrate that retentive values of the Locator attachments are reduced significantly after multiple pulls. Although this reduction might not be noticeable to the patient, it is recommended that the clinician place and remove the overdenture multiple times before delivery.     

开塞露纳肛治疗产后尿潴留的疗效观察

目的：探讨产后尿潴留的有效治疗护理方法。方法：自2001年1月至2002年11月收治产后尿潴留患103例，随机分为实验组54例，对照组49例，实验组给予开塞露纳肛治疗，对照组采用下腹部热数、按摩、听流水声等常规方法治疗，观察两组患尿潴留的疗效。结果：实验组疗效明显优于观察组，两组比较差异有显性(P＜0．01)。结论：开塞露纳肛治疗产后尿潴留，无副作用且效果显，是简便易行的有效方法。     

Indwelling catheter increases the risk of urinary tract infection in total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background:The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess whether a urinary catheter is necessary for all patients in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods:PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). All RCTs were compared with receive either an indwelling urinary catheter or no urinary catheter in TKA. Primary outcomes were urinary retention and urinary tract infection. Secondary outcomes were the length of stay, duration of the surgery, and the first urination time.Results:A total of 6 RCTs involving 1334 patients were included in the meta-analysis. No significant difference between the 2 groups was found in urinary retention (P = .52), length of stay (P = .38), duration of the surgery (P = .55). However, patients with an indwelling catheter were associated with a higher risk of urinary tract infections and longer time for the first urination than patients without indwelling catheters (P = .009 and P = .004).Conclusion:The available evidence indicates that patients without using the indwelling catheters could reduce urinary tract infections and the time for the first urination, without increase in the incidence of urinary retention in primary TKA.Level of Evidence:Level I, therapeutic study.     

不同剂量硬膜外分娩镇痛对产后尿潴留的影响

目的探讨不同剂量下罗哌卡因联合舒芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛方案安全性和对产后尿潴留的影响。方法选取2018年5月-2019年5月本院妇产科收治的拟行硬膜外分娩镇痛下自然分娩的初产妇80例,随机分为甲方案组和乙方案组,每组40例,甲方案组产妇采取0.1%罗哌卡因+0.3μg/mL舒芬太尼的硬膜外分娩镇痛方案,乙方案组产妇采取0.075%罗哌卡因+0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼的硬膜外分娩镇痛方案,比较两组产妇的视觉模拟评分(VAS)、尿潴留、其他不良反应和新生儿出生后Apgar评分。结果结果显示,两组的镇痛时间差异无统计学意义;与此同时,在子宫颈开口3 cm时(T0)、分娩镇痛后30 min(T1)、宫颈口开口10 cm时(T2)、分娩即刻(T3)和分娩后2 h时(T4)5个时间点的疼痛评分差异均无统计学意义;但麻醉后的其他时间点的疼痛评分与T0比较,均具有统计学意义。甲方案组尿潴留发生率为5.00%,低于乙方案的20.00%,差异具有统计学意义(χ^2=4.114,P=0.043)。两组产妇分娩的新生儿在出生后l min、5 min和10 min时的Apgar评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论两种剂量的分娩镇痛方案均可有效缓解分娩疼痛,但在0.1%罗哌卡因+0.3μg/mL舒芬太尼剂量下产后尿潴留的发生风险更小。     

Academic Progression and Retention Policies of Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy

Objective. To describe academic progression and retention policies used by US colleges and schools of pharmacy.Methods. Student handbooks on the Web sites of 122 colleges and schools of pharmacy were reviewed between February 2012 and May 2012.Results. Data were available and obtained from 98 (80%) programs. Most used grade point average (GPA) as a criterion for progression, with 66% requiring a minimum GPA of 2.0. Cumulative GPA was the most frequently used criteria for probation. Most handbooks did not address remediation, but 38% noted that a failed course could only be retaken once. The most common criteria for dismissal were the cumulative number of times a student was on probation. The graduation requirements of most programs were a cumulative GPA of 2.0 and completion of the program within 6 years of enrollment. Conclusions. Colleges and schools of pharmacy use various criteria for academic progression and retention and frequently provide incomplete or inadequate information related to probation, progression, and dismissal. Information regarding remediation and academic performance during experiential learning is lacking. A clearinghouse containing institutional data related to progression and retention would assist programs in developing academic policies. The study also highlights the need for ACPE to ensure this information is provided to students.