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101.
《Journal of adolescence》2014,37(2):123-131
This study investigates Internet use among Finnish adolescents (n = 475) combining qualitative and quantitative research. Internet use was evaluated using the Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998a, Young, 1998b). The data was divided into three parts according to the test scores: normal users (14.3%), mild over-users (61.5%), and moderate or serious over-users (24.2%). The most common reason for use was having fun. While half the students reported disadvantages associated with their use, further qualitative analysis revealed that students with serious overuse did not report any harm caused by using the Internet. As disadvantages of using the Internet, students reported that it is time-consuming and causes mental, social, and physical harm and poor school attendance. Four factors of Internet addiction were found, and for two of them, a statistical difference between females and males was found. 相似文献
102.
Objective
Although the Internet is used effectively in many areas of life, some users experience problems because of over-use due to a lack of control. The diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction include disruptions in family relationships, but adequate data on the attachment styles and family functioning associated with this condition are limited. This study aimed to investigate the attachment styles and family functioning of patients with Internet addiction.Method
The sample included 30 male patients consecutively admitted to the Bak?rköy Mental Health and Research Hospital Internet Addiction Outpatient Clinic, who were diagnosed in clinical interviews as having Internet addiction according to Young’s (1998) criteria. Thirty healthy males who were matched with the experimental group in terms of sociodemographic characteristics were included as control subjects. Both groups provided sociodemographic data and completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire-r (ECR-r) and the Family Assessment Device (FAD).Results
Patients with Internet addiction had higher BDI scores (P< .001) and higher attachment anxiety subscores on ECR-r (P< .001) compared with those in the control group. Patients with Internet addiction evaluated their family functioning as more negative and reported problems in every aspect addressed by the FAD. Scores on the FAD behaviour control, affective responsiveness, and problem-solving subscales (P< .05) and on the FAD communication, roles, and general functioning subscales (P< .001) were significantly higher in the patient compared with the control group.Conclusion
Patients with Internet addiction have more anxious attachment styles as well as prominent disruptions in family functioning. Thus, it may be important to evaluate the attachment styles and family functioning of patients with Internet addiction. Indeed, comprehensive treatment approaches including other family members may make important contributions to treatment success. 相似文献103.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been linked to reward dysfunctions, highlighting a possible role of anhedonia in OCD. Surprisingly, anhedonia in OCD has never been evaluated. Moreover, although nicotine typically has anti-anhedonic effects, anecdotal reports suggest low prevalence rates of smoking in OCD. To address these two phenomena, 113 individuals with OCD completed a battery of questionnaires assessing symptom severity, anhedonia, and smoking. 28.3% of the sample met criteria for clinically significant anhedonia, which correlated with Y-BOCS scores (r=0.44), even when controlling for depressive symptoms. 13.3% of the sample endorsed current smoking, a lower rate than seen in psychiatric disorders (40–90%) and the general adult population (19%). Results highlight high rates of anhedonia and yet reduced prevalence of smoking in OCD. In contrast to the known positive association between anhedonia and smoking, a negative association emerged. Future research is needed to address the unique interface between anhedonia and reward responsiveness in OCD. Potential clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
104.
Anne-Thea McGill 《Archives of Public Health》2014,72(1):30
One line summary
Metabolic syndrome and obesity-related co-morbidities are largely explained by co-adaptations to the energy use of the large human brain in the cortico-limbic-striatal and NRF2 systems.105.
Muthu Ramakrishnan Berma M. Kinsey Rana A. Singh Thomas R. Kosten Frank M. Orson 《Chemical biology & drug design》2014,84(3):354-363
In the absence of any effective pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction, immunotherapy is being actively pursued as a therapeutic intervention. While several different cocaine haptens have been explored to develop anticocaine antibodies, none of the hapten was successfully designed, which had a protonated tropane nitrogen as is found in native cocaine under physiological conditions, including the succinyl norcocaine (SNC) hapten that has been tested in phase II clinical trials. Herein, we discuss three different cocaine haptens: hexyl norcocaine (HNC), bromoacetamido butyl norcocaine (BNC), and succinyl butyl norcocaine (SBNC), each with a tertiary nitrogen structure mimicking that of native cocaine which could optimize the specificity of anticocaine antibodies for better cocaine recognition. Mice immunized with these haptens conjugated to immunogenic proteins produced high titre anticocaine antibodies. However, during chemical conjugation of HNC and BNC haptens to carrier proteins, the 2β methyl ester group is hydrolyzed, and immunizing mice with these conjugate vaccines in mice produced antibodies that bound both cocaine and the inactive benzoylecgonine metabolite. While in the case of the SBNC conjugate, vaccine hydrolysis of the methyl ester did not appear to occur, leading to antibodies with high specificity to cocaine over BE. Although we observed similar specificity with a SNC hapten, the striking difference is that SBNC carries a positive charge on the tropane nitrogen atom, and therefore, it is expected to have better binding of cocaine. The 50% cocaine inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for SBNC antibodies (2.8 μm ) was significantly better than the SNC antibodies (9.4 μm ) when respective hapten–BSA was used as a substrate. In addition, antibodies from both sera had no inhibitory effect from BE. In contrast to BNC and HNC, the SBNC conjugate was also found to be highly stable without any noticeable hydrolysis for several months at 4 °C and 2–3 days in pH 10 buffer at 37 °C. 相似文献
106.
107.
Gio Batta Gori 《Human psychopharmacology》1996,11(Z1):S33-S38
Colloquially, addiction ranges in meaning from addiction to good deeds to addiction to substances of abuse. Especially during the last four decades, ‘addiction’ in this extreme pejorative meaning has been portrayed alternatively as a disease or a sin, and has been subject to social and moral sanctions. In an open society of free individuals such a coercion cannot be justified unless the condition is defined precisely by the simultaneous attributes of severe psychotoxicity, severe withdrawal symptoms, and recurrence tied to the loss of self-control and individual volition. Still, these attributes are open-ended, and an explicit metric of severity at which they may trigger social objection has not been clarified. As a consequence, ‘addiction’ allegations are left to elicit emotional, subjective, and value-laden responses ready to be exploited. A clamorous example is the claim by US officials that cigarette smoking is equal to the abuse of heroin or cocaine. An unequivocal definition of ‘addiction’ may restore some sense of proportion to official normative intervention. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
108.
Christer Allgulander 《Human psychopharmacology》1996,11(Z1):S49-S54
This paper reviews the conceptualization of addiction on prescribed sedative-hypnotics medications; its evolution, occurrence, characteristics and validity. Such addictive behaviour is often concurrent with severe anxiety and/or personality disorders and follows a dismal course. The rate of suicide is very high, particularly in health care personnel with access to lethal medications. The risk of developing this kind of addiction is miniscule, considering the mass exposure to these medications in the general population. Yet, moralizing arguments amplified by the media, as well as overzealous government interventions create unnecessary obstacles to proper and effective pharmacotherapy for morbid anxiety and insomnia. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
109.
K. Clements S. Glautier I. P. Stolerman J-A. W. White C. Taylor 《Human psychopharmacology》1996,11(2):85-95
Animal studies suggest that drug effects can act as conditioned stimuli for various unconditioned stimuli including the effects of other drugs. The current study investigated drug-drug conditioning in human subjects. Sixteen subjects were given subcutaneous injections of either nicotine or saline before consumption of an alcoholic or soft drink in each of eight sessions. Across sessions the content of the injections was established as a reliable predictor of the alcoholic content of the drink. Physiological, subjective, and behavioural responses to the injections were used as indices of conditioning. Skin conductance measures obtained following the injections changed across trials in a way consistent with a conditioned response though patterns of change on cardiac inter-beat interval were less clear. However, neither behavioural nor subjective measures showed conditioning effects. In view of the number of variables studied the evidence for the development of conditioned responding on physiological measures must be suspected of being a type I error and is in need of replication. Subjects' reports revealed that nicotine and saline injections were difficult to discriminate. This would have weakened conditioning effects. Suggestions are made for improvements in the design of future studies of drug-drug conditioning in human subjects. 相似文献
110.
目的:探讨修订版甲基苯丙胺渴求量表(MA craving scale)在甲基苯丙胺成瘾戒毒人员中的适用性.方法:以460名甲基苯丙胺类成瘾的戒毒人员为施测对象,对数据进行项目分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析.结果:修订版甲基苯丙胺渴求量表共包含5个因子,总量表与分量表的内部一致性系数0.62~0.73之间,重测信度... 相似文献