五味子油对2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗大鼠的作用及机制

目的探讨五味子油对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的作用及其机制。方法高脂饲料联合小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导建立2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗模型。将SD大鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,五味子油高剂量(1mg/kg)、低剂量(0.5 mg/kg)组,罗格列酮组。连续灌胃6周,测定空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、血清中瘦素的水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果五味子油可降低FBG、FINS、FFA的水平,抑制瘦素的表达,降低HOMA-IR。结论五味子油改善2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的作用可能与瘦素有关。     

Essential Oils of Annual Sideritis Species Growing in Turkey

Water distilled essential oils of five annual Sideritis species collected from different regions of Turkey were analysed by GC/MS. Results are tabulated and compared with main components of the essential oils of perennial Sideritis species from Turkey.     

肉豆蔻药材个体差异程度研究

目的 研究同批次肉豆蔻个体所含化学成分的差异程度。方法 采用高效液相色谱指纹图谱,色谱柱为Diamonsil C18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇-水,梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL·min1,柱温：30℃;检测波长：274nm。结果 建立同批肉豆蔻药材10个种仁的指纹图谱,有15个共有峰,种仁间个体相似度在95%以上的有3个,在90%~95%之间有4个,在90%以下的有3个。结论 相同批次肉豆蔻个体所含化学成分存在一定差异,本实验为肉豆蔻药材的质量控制提供科学的依据。     

益智仁的化学成分及药理活性研究进展

在系统的文献调研基础上,对姜科山姜属植物益智仁Alpinia oxyphylla的化学成分和药理活性进行了较为全面的总结.该植物的化学成分研究主要集中在2001-2012年,迄今为止共分离得到85个化合物,主要成分为倍半萜,占52个,其中从该植物中分得新化合物28个,均为倍半萜.益智仁的药理活性包括神经保护、提高学习记忆、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、抗炎及抗过敏等.通过对益智仁的化学成分及药理活性进行综述,以便对益智仁进行更好的研究、开发与应用.     

3味中药挥发油对磷酸川芎嗪贴剂促渗作用的比较

目的考察草果挥发油、白豆蔻挥发油、砂仁挥发油单独和组合使用对磷酸川芎嗪（ligustrazine phosphate,LP）黏胶分散型透皮贴剂在离体裸鼠皮肤的促渗作用。方法采用E 100、丁二酸等制备LP黏胶分散型透皮贴剂;采用改良的Franz扩散池进行裸鼠体外透皮吸收实验;采用HPLC法进行接受液中药物含量测定。结果加入挥发油及氮酮促渗剂的LP贴剂的12 h累积渗透量（Q12）都有所增加,质量浓度为3%草果挥发油、5%白豆蔻挥发油、7%砂仁挥发油、1.5%草果挥发油＋2.5%白豆蔻挥发油、2.5%白豆蔻挥发油＋3.5%砂仁挥发油及3%氮酮组的Q12分别是（0.972±0.121）、（0.953±0.243）、（0.876±0.138）、（0.932±0.192）、（0.667±0.171）、（0.862±0.139）mg cm-2;增渗倍数（ER）分别是1.638、1.596、1.489、1.596、1.149、1.489;与阴性对照组比较,3%草果挥发油、5%白豆蔻挥发油、1.5%草果挥发油＋2.5%白豆蔻挥发油有明显的促渗作用（P〈0.01）。结论各种质量浓度单一及组合的挥发油对贴剂中LP都具有一定促渗作用,以3%草果挥发油的促渗作用最好。     

Update of a study of crude oil production workers 1946-94

OBJECTIVE—To update information on workers in the petroleum industry engaged in the production of crude oil to determine whether the patterns of mortality have changed with 14 additional years of follow up.
METHODS—All workers were employed at company production and pipeline locations sometime during 1946-94. The cohort now consists of 24 124 employees with an average of 22 years of follow up.
RESULTS—The overall mortality, and most cause specific mortalities were lower than or similar to those for the general United States population. For white men (81% of the cohort), there were 4361 observed deaths and 5945 expected, resulting in a significantly lower standardised mortality ratio (SMR) of 73. There were significant deficits for all the leading causes of death in the United States including all cancers, cancer of the lung, stroke, heart disease, respiratory disease, and accidents. Slightly increased mortality was found for cancer of the prostate, cancer of the brain and central nervous system, and cancer of other lymphatic tissue. For benign and unspecified neoplasms, the SMR was 152 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 95 to 230). There was a significant increase for acute myelogenous leukaemia that was restricted to people who were first employed before 1940 and who were employed in production and pipeline jobs for >30 years. Overall mortality patterns for non-white men and women were similar to those for white men. Mortality patterns for white men were also examined by duration of employment, time first employed, and by job group.
CONCLUSIONS—The results of the updated study showed a favourable mortality experience for crude oil production workers compared with the United States population.


Keywords: petroleum industry; occupational cancer; mortality; crude oil     

Effects of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on rat system inflammation and cardiac function

In order to understand the toxic mechanisms of cardiovascular system injuries induced by ambient PM_2.5 and/or ozone, a subacute toxicological animal experiment was designed with exposure twice a week for 3 continuous weeks. Wistar rats were randomly categorized into 8 groups (n = 6): 1 control group, 3 groups exposed to fine particulate matters (PM_2.5) alone at 3 doses (0.2, 0.8, or 3.2 mg/rat), 1 group to ozone (0.81 ppm) alone and 3 groups to ozone plus PM_2.5 at 3 doses (0.2, 0.8, or 3.2 mg/rat). Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) was monitored at approximately 24-h both after the 3rd exposure and the last (6th) exposure, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) was monitored at approximately 24-h after the 6th exposure. Biomarkers of systemic inflammation and injuries (CRP, IL-6, LDH, CK), heart oxidative stress (MDA, SOD) and endothelial function (ET-1, VEGF) were analyzed after the 6th exposure. Additionally, myocardial ultrastructural alterations were observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for histopathological analyses. Results showed that PM_2.5 alone exposure could trigger the significant increase of CRP, MDA, CK, ET-1 and SBP and decrease of heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Ozone alone exposure in rats did not show significant alterations in any indicators. Ozone plus PM_2.5 exposure, however, induced CRP, IL-6, CK, LDH and MDA increase, SOD and HRV decrease significantly in a dose–response way. Meanwhile, abnormal ECG types were monitored in rats exposed to PM_2.5 with and without ozone and obvious myocardial ultrastructural changes were observed by TEM. In conclusion, PM_2.5 alone exposure could cause inflammation, endothelial function and ANS injuries, and ozone potentiated these effects induced by PM_2.5.     

Biopharmaceutical formulations for pre-filled delivery devices

Introduction: Pre-filled syringes are becoming an increasingly popular format for delivering biotherapeutics conveniently and cost effectively. The device design and stable liquid formulations required to enable this pre-filled syringe format are technically challenging. In choosing the materials and process conditions to fabricate the syringe unit, their compatibility with the biotherapeutic needs to be carefully assessed. The biothereaputic stability demanded for the production of syringe-compatible low-viscosity liquid solutions requires critical excipient choices to be made.

Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to discuss key issues related to the stability aspects of biotherapeutics in pre-filled devices. This includes effects on both physical and chemical stability due to a number of stress conditions the product is subjected to, as well as interactions with the packaging system. Particular attention is paid to the control of stability by formulation.

Expert opinion: We anticipate that there will be a significant move towards polymer primary packaging for most drugs in the longer term. The timescales for this will depend on a number of factors and hence will be hard to predict. Formulation will play a critical role in developing successful products in the pre-filled syringe format, particularly with the trend towards concentrated biotherapeutics. Development of novel, smart formulation technologies will, therefore, be increasingly important.     

葡萄籽原花青素降血脂药效部位筛选

目的：研究不同组分葡萄籽原花青素降血脂药效。方法：采用不同浓度乙醇渗漉提取、大孔树脂分离纯化,制得10%、30%、50%、70%乙醇部位葡萄籽原花青素提取物,建立大鼠高血脂模型,分别测定各组血清甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）的含量,以及Lee’S指数和脏器指数,对各提取物进行药效学研究,确定葡萄籽原花青素降血脂有效部位。结果：葡萄籽原花青素提取物10%、30%、50%乙醇部位具有明显降低高血脂大鼠模型的TG的含量（P<0.01）;同时50%乙醇部位还可以明显降低高血脂大鼠模型的ALT和AST含量（P<0.01）;10%、30%、50%、70%乙醇部位能抑制Lee’S指数的升高（P<0.01或P<0.05）;10%乙醇组显著升高肾脏指数;10%、30%、50%、70%乙醇组能显著升高脾脏指数（P<0.01）;10%、50%、70%乙醇组能显著降低总脂指数（P<0.01）。结论：50%乙醇部位葡萄籽原花青素提取物为葡萄籽降血脂有效部位。     

广藿香药材的高效薄层色谱指纹图谱研究

目的 建立广藿香药材不同提取部位的高效薄层色谱(HPTLC)指纹图谱,通过比较分析来评价商品广藿香药材的质量.方法 采用硅胶GF254高效预制薄层板,广藿香挥发油以石油醚-乙酸乙酯-甲酸(10∶3∶0.05)为展开剂,喷50 g·L-1香草醛浓硫酸,于105℃加热,置可见光下检视;石油醚部位分别以石油醚-乙酸乙酯-甲酸(10∶1.5∶0.05、10∶3∶0.05)为展开剂,分别喷50 g·L-1香草醛浓硫酸和50 g·L-1三氯化铝乙醇,于105℃加热后分别置可见光下和紫外灯(366 nm)下检视;甲醇部位以石油醚-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸(7.5∶1.8∶1∶0.125)为展开剂,喷50 g·L-1三氯化铝乙醇溶液,于105℃加热后,置紫外灯(366 nm)下检视;将广藿香不同提取部位的HPTLC指纹图谱导入指纹图谱系统解决方案软件(Chromap 1.5)中生成共有模式,并进行相似度分析.结果 广藿香挥发油的指纹图谱与对照品对照,指认了其中的百秋李醇成分;石油醚部位图谱经香草醛浓硫酸显色,由8个特征条带构成,且指认了百秋李醇成分,经三氯化铝乙醇显色,由10个特征条带构成;甲醇部位图谱由10个特征条带构成.结论 不同商品的广藿香挥发油所含化学成分相似.石油醚部位提取的脂溶性物质,经香草醛浓硫酸显色后的化学成分相似,经三氯化铝乙醇显色后的化学成分因商品不同而差异较大.甲醇部位化学成分因商品不同相差很大.以上各部位的薄层色谱,尤其是石油醚部位经不同显色剂显色得到的指纹图谱可作为一种简便、快速的方法用于鉴定不同商品广藿香药材的质量.