The Retirement Process in an Occupational Perspective:

The purpose of this study is to review and analyze the literature on retirement from an occupational perspective. Theories are compared and described; whether they have empirical support and whether they incorporate individual and environmental factors is discussed. The Model of Human Occupation is presented as one such model that is able to incorporate both individual and environmental factors when retirement issues are added to the model.     

Positive AMPA receptor modulation in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: A long and winding road

Glutamatergic transmission is widely implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, and the discovery that ketamine elicits rapid-acting antidepressant effects by modulating α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) signaling has spurred a resurgence of interest in the field. This review explores agents in various stages of development for neuropsychiatric disorders that positively modulate AMPARs, both directly and indirectly. Despite promising preclinical research, few direct and indirect AMPAR positive modulators have progressed past early clinical development. Challenges such as low potency have created barriers to effective implementation. Nevertheless, the functional complexity of AMPARs sets them apart from other drug targets and allows for specificity in drug discovery. Additional effective treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders that work through positive AMPAR modulation may eventually be developed.     

Do we over treat mild hypertension?

The important question whether ‘mild’ hypertension should or should not be treated by drugs is difficult to answer, because the only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating this question were conducted when the definition of ‘mild’ hypertension was based on diastolic blood pressure only, whereas the present definition of grade 1 hypertension includes both systolic and diastolic values (SBP/DBP), and the concept of ‘mild’ hypertension also includes that of low-moderate cardiovascular risk (< 5% cardiovascular death rate in 5 years). Due to the lack of evidence from specific RCTs, guidelines recommend drug treatment of mild hypertension only on the basis of expert opinion. However, recent meta-analyses have provided some support to drug treatment intervention in low-moderate risk grade 1 hypertensives and have shown that, when treatment is deferred until organ damage or cardiovascular disease occur, absolute residual risk (events occurring despite treatment) markedly increases. Although evidence favoring therapeutic intervention in mild hypertension is nowadays stronger than expert opinion, meta-analyses are not substitutes for specific RCTs, and the wide BP spans defining grade 1 hypertension as well as the span defining low-moderate risk leave a wide space for individualized or personalized decisions.     

亚低温治疗对脑出血大鼠TLR4/NF-κB介导的神经炎症反应的影响

目的:研究亚低温治疗对脑出血后大鼠Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)介导的神经炎症反应的影响。方法:60只成年SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、脑出血模型组(ICH组)和亚低温治疗组(n=20)。采用自体血注入法复制大鼠脑出血模型,并给予亚低温干预。应用Berdson评分标准对各组大鼠进行神经功能评分,放射免疫法检测肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、白介素1β(interleukin-1beta,IL-1β)的含量;免疫组织化学法及免疫印迹法检测TLR4、NF-κB的蛋白表达情况。结果:与Sham组比,模型组大鼠神经功能评分明显增加(P0.05),TNF-α和IL-1β的含量明显升高(P0.05),血肿周围脑组织TLR4和NF-κB的表达显著上调(P0.05)。与模型组相比,亚低温治疗组大鼠神经功能评分显著减少(P0.05),TNF-α和IL-1β的含量明显降低(P0.05),TLR4和NF-κB蛋白的表达量显著下调(P0.05)。结论:亚低温治疗能通过调控TLR4/NF-κB表达,减轻大鼠脑出血后血肿周围脑组织的炎症反应,具有一定的神经保护作用。     

Cardiac rehabilitation and its effects on cognition in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure

Introduction: Cardiac rehabilitation program is an evidence-based intervention and established model of exercise delivery following myocardial infarction and heart failure. Although it forms an important part of recovery and helps to prevent future events and complications, there has been little focus on its potential cognitive benefits.

Areas covered: Coronary artery disease and heart failure are common heart problems associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and cognitive decline is commonly seen in affected individuals. Cognitive impairment may influence patient self-management by reducing medication adherence, rendering patients unable to make lifestyle modifications and causing missed healthcare visits. Cognitive assessment in cardiac rehabilitation as an outcome measure has the potential to improve clinical, functional and behavioral domains as well as help to reduce gaps in the quality of care in these patients.

Expert commentary: Limited evidence at present has shown that cardiac rehabilitation and exercise has potential in preventing cognitive decline. Cardiac prehabilitation, a rehabilitation-like program delivered before cardiac surgery, may also play a role in preventing postoperative cognitive dysfunction, but needs future research studies to support it.     

Rehabilitation and education are underutilized for mild stroke and TIA sufferers

Purpose: Transient ischemic attack (TIA) and mild stroke represent a large proportion of cerebrovascular events, at high risk of being followed by recurrent, serious events. The importance of early education addressing risk management, secondary prevention and lifestyle modifications is the centerpiece of further stroke prevention. However, delivering education and rehabilitation to this population can be complex and challenging.

Methods: Via synthesis of a narrative review and clinical experience, we explore the unique and inherent complexities of rehabilitation management and education provision for patients following mild stroke and TIA.

Results: A considerable proportion of TIA/mild stroke survivors have ongoing rehabilitation needs that are poorly addressed. The need for rehabilitation in these patients is often overlooked, and available assessment tools lack the sensitivity to identify common subtle impairments in cognition, mood, language and fatigue. Active and accessible education interventions need to be initiated early after the event, and integrated with ongoing rehabilitation management. Priority areas in need of future development in this field are highlighted and discussed.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• Survivors of mild stroke and TIA have ongoing unmet rehabilitation needs and require a unique approach to rehabilitation and education.

• Rehabilitation needs are difficult to assess and poorly addressed in this cohort, where available assessment tools lack the sensitivity required to identify subtle impairments.

• Education needs to be initiated early after the event and involve active engagement of the patient in order to improve stroke knowledge, mood and motivate adherence to lifestyle modifications and secondary prevention.

• Rehabilitation physicians are currently an underutilized resource, who should be more involved in the management of all patients following TIA or mild stroke.

     

心脏骤停亚低温治疗脑保护策略

脑损伤被认为是导致心脏骤停自主循环恢复患者死亡的重要原因,挽救、阻止神经细胞损伤,恢复神经功能对 于改善复苏预后意义重大。作为心脏骤停患者诊疗中的重要一环,亚低温治疗已经体现出其在神经功能保护方面的 优势,但最终使患者获益的不仅仅是体温的降低,还取决于亚低温治疗策略的制定与实施、器官功能的连续评估与监 测、必要的辅助支持治疗等集束化诊疗策略的执行。     

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in patients with COVID-19

Background and study aimAnti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) have been described in many autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could trigger AIDs. This study aimed to determine the frequency of ASCA in patients with COVID-19.Patients and methodsThis study included 88 adult patients with severe COVID-19, 51 mild COVID-19, and 160 healthy blood donors. ASCA of isotype immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe frequency of ASCA (IgG or IgA) was significantly higher in patients with severe COVID-19 (21.6 % vs 3.7 %, p < 10^?3) and in patients with mild COVID-19 than in the healthy controls (13.7 % vs 3.7 %, p = 0.03). ASCA-IgA was significantly more frequent in patients with severe COVID-19 than in healthy controls (15.9 % vs 0.6 %, p < 10^?3). ASCA-IgG was significantly more frequent in patients with mild COVID-19 than in healthy controls (13.7 % vs 3.1 %, p = 0.02). ASCA (IgG or IgA) were more frequent in severe than in mild COVID-19, but the difference was not statistically significant (21.6 % vs 13.7 %). ASCA-IgA was significantly more frequent in patients with severe than those with mild COVID-19 (15.9 % vs 0 %, p = 0.003). The mean ASCA-IgG and ASCA-IgA levels were significantly higher in patients with severe COVID-19 than in healthy controls (5.8 U/mL ± 11.8 vs 2.3 U/mL ± 2.8, p < 10^?3 and 9.2 U/mL ± 21.5 vs 3.4 U/mL ± 1.7, respectively, p < 10^?3). The mean ASCA-IgG levels were significantly higher in patients with mild COVID-19 than in healthy controls (6.2 U/mL ± 12.9 vs 2.3 U/mL ± 2.8, p < 10^?3). The mean ASCA-IgA levels were significantly higher in patients with severe than in those with mild COVID-19 (9.2 U/mL ± 21.5 vs 2.6 U/mL ± 1.2, p = 0.03).ConclusionASCA was more frequent in patients with COVID-19 than in healthy controls.