An exploration of substance misuse in people with intellectual disabilities

Background Little is known about the characteristics of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) who misuse substances and how such problems impinge upon their well‐being. The aim of this paper is to describe how alcohol and drugs affect the health of people with IDs. Methods A questionnaire was forwarded to all the community ID teams and mainstream addiction teams across Northern Ireland: 67 substance users with IDs and substantial substance‐related problems were identified. Results Alcohol was found to be the main substance to be misused, with one‐fifth of the substance users also found to be using a combination of illicit drugs and/or prescribed medication. Nearly three‐quarters of the sample were found to be hazardously using alcohol for more than 5 years. Being male and young, having a borderline/mild ID, living independently and having a mental health problem were found to be risk factors for developing a ‘substance related problem’. Various problematic behaviours were identified, including aggression, erratic mood changes, sexual exploitation, difficulties in maintaining relationships and loss of daily routine. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that greater emphasis needs to be placed upon the early identification of this hidden population by primary and secondary healthcare personnel, and also ID personnel. Such early identification may also diminish the long‐established patterns of use and associated related‐behaviours that have been reported within this paper.     

骨碎补类生药显微鉴定研究Ⅱ.粉末特征

对12种骨碎补类生药粉末进行了鉴定,列出了检索表。其鉴别要点是;(1)非腺毛的特征;(2)有无完整的鳞片基及鳞片细胞的形状和毛状突出物的长短;(3)薄壁细胞的形状及细胞壁增厚程度;(4)纤维状细胞的形状及表面特征;(5)网纹细胞、石细胞等的存在与否;(6)表皮细胞的形状及排列。     

疑难病辨治思路与方法

认为疑难病是诊断疑惑、治疗困难的病证。疑难病的治疗贵在辨证，其辨证方法主要是从症辨证，通过辨主症、辨兼症、辨客症确定证名，然后随证论治。提出疑难病的病因以痰、瘀、郁、虚四者为主，治疗应着重治痰、治瘀、治郁、治虚，或兼而治之，并要求做到有胆有识，有方有守，如此方可取得较好疗效。     

四川省部分地区主粮中杂色曲霉菌及其毒素的污染调查

通过对四川省部分地区大米和小麦两种主粮中杂色曲霉菌（Ａ．ｖ）和杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ）污染调查，结果表明在大米和小麦中，Ａ．ｖ污染率分别为５．５％和１０．５％；ＳＴ污染率为５３．４％和６５．８％；ＳＴ平均含量为１５．５μｇ／ｋｇ和５８．６μｇ／ｋｇ。对不同地区和不同贮藏期粮食进行分析，Ａ．ｖ检出率越高，粮食中ＳＴ污染率和含量越高；贮藏期延长，Ａ．ｖ和ＳＴ检出率及ＳＴ含量增高。实验产毒表明所有Ａ．ｖ菌株均能产生ＳＴ，平均产毒量达７１９０．２μｇ／ｋｇ，证实Ａ．ｖ是ＳＴ形成的主要菌种     

La neuropsychologie cognitive et les délires d’identification des personnes

Following publication of the three classic misidentification syndromes (Capgras delusion, Capgras and Reboul-Lachaux, 1923; Frégoli delusion, Courbon and Fail, 1927; and intermetamorphosis, Courbon and Tusques, 1932), the most popular theoretical explanations were psychodynamically-based. More recently the precepts of cognitive neuropsychiatry have prevailed. Models of face recognition such as that of Bruce and Young (1986) suggest three stages in the process, in two of which may lie the origin of intermetamorphosis (FRU stage) and the Frégoli delusion (PIN stage); but the Capgras delusion cannot be easily accommodated. Ellis and Young (1990) introduced the element of the emotional response to known faces which manifests itself in autonomic responses. Ellis and Young suggested that it is a disruption to this emotional route that underlies the Capgras delusion. Experimental tests of this hypothesis provide confirming evidence and other studies with patients showing Capgras delusion further elucidate our understanding of face recognition.     

维吾尔药琐琐葡萄的生药学鉴定

目的：对维吾尔药琐琐葡萄进行生药学鉴定，为开发利用该药材提供鉴别依据。方法：对琐琐葡萄药材性状、组织构造与粉末药材进行鉴定。结果：山葡萄和琐琐葡萄的显微特征极为相似，但二者有明显区别。结论：葡萄属植物的形态特征虽然相似，但有明显区别。此研究结果可为制定琐琐葡萄的质量标准提供依据。     

颅内血肿微创术治疗急性重型脑出血的临床研究

目的 探讨颅内血肿微创术治疗急性重型脑出血的临床疗效.方法 采用YL-1型颅内血肿穿刺针治疗31例急性重型脑出血患者（治疗组）与锥颅置硅胶脑式引流管引流术（对照组A）、内科保守治疗（对照组B）进行比较.结果 治疗组的总有效率、血肿总清除率和神经功能恢复均优于对照组A、B（P＜0.01）,病死率和病残率均低于对照组A、B.结论 采用YL-1型颅内血肿微创穿刺粉碎清除术治疗急性重型脑出血患者,血肿清除率高,临床疗效好,能提高病人生存质量,改善病残程度,降低致残率及病死率.     

显微颗粒图像分析仪测试黄芪微粉粒度的研究

目的建立黄芪微粉的粒度测定方法。方法采用Winner99显微颗粒图像分析仪对黄芪微粉的粒度进行测定。结果黄芪微粉粒度内控指标宜为1~75μm。结论采用Winner99显微颗粒图像分析仪测定黄芪微粉的粒度,方法基本可行。     

大叶紫薇叶中熊果酸的分离纯化及结构

利用溶剂萃取、薄层层析对大叶紫薇提取物中三萜化合物进行分离,通过 DSC,UV, IR和HPLC/MS对分离产物中具有降血糖的成分 3 进行结构分析,结果表明:以氯仿∶丙酮为展开剂,可在硅胶板中将大叶紫薇中三萜化合物有效分离。对分离出的成分 3,DSC测定其熔点为 283~287 ℃,焓值为43 727 J/g;UV最大吸收波长为 206 nm; MS测定其相对分子质量为 457; IR光谱符合乌苏果烷型结构.经分析,具有降血糖的成分3即为熊果酸.     

Examination of postmortem animal interference to human remains using cross-species multiplex PCR

Postmortem animal interference may be confused at first sight with injuries of vital origin, thus arousing suspicion of external violence preceding death. A reliable classification of the origin of such doubtful injuries is of crucial importance, a fact that is especially true for the investigation of suspected homicide and/or mammade body mutilation after death. In forensic pathology, the identification of injuries as caused by animals postmortem and the classification of a particular species as responsible for a specific injury pattern under question is usually done by forensic pathologists with vast practical experience and special knowledge of the appearance and morphology of tooth marks of carnivores and rodents, respectively. However, a molecular biological investigation of such wounds could provide genetic evidence that an injury pattern present on a corpse was truly caused postmortem by animal interference and thus support the pathologist's expertise. For this purpose, we developed a panel of small species-specific short-tandem repeat systems (<150 bp) for animals typically involved in postmortem scavenging of human remains, such as dogs and cats as well as wild-living rodents (mice and rats) having possible access to death scenes inside apartments or buildings. A specific and sensitive cross-species multiplex polymerase chain reaction was then established including the species-specific animal markers, thus enabling the genetic identification of wounds caused postmortem by different animals on human remains. This study was presented at the Sixth International Symposium in Advanced Legal Medicine (ISLAM), Hamburg, Germany, September 2006.