Adoption,Family Ideology,and Social Stigma: Bias in Community Attitudes,Adoption Research,and Practice

This article explores the impact of the dominant North American genetic family ideal on community attitudes toward adoption, on adoption research, and on the beliefs and attitudes of adoption case workers. It examines how the failure to recognize the stigmatized social position of adoptive families has shaped not only current public opinion about adoption, but adoption research and practice as well. In conclusion, the article offers suggestions for erasing negative bias from adoption research and practice.     

Disease severity and viral load are correlated in infants with primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in the community

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, with remarkable variability in disease severity. Factors determining severity of disease in previously healthy infants are still unclear. It was hypothesized that disease severity is correlated with viral load in primary RSV infection. Infants of a healthy birth cohort were included at signs of their first respiratory tract infection. Nasopharyngeal aspirate was obtained within 48–96 hr and disease severity was assessed with a previously published severity scoring model. PCR was applied to test the aspirates in a semi‐quantitative way for the presence of 10 respiratory pathogens. In case of multiple infection, the pathogen with the highest load was defined as the primary pathogen. The correlation between disease severity and viral load was analyzed. A total of 82 infants were included over a period of 2 years. Median age at first respiratory tract infection was 3 months. Pathogens were detected in 77 (94%) infants; more than one pathogen was detected in 35 (43%) infants. RSV was present in aspirates of 30 infants; in 16 aspirates RSV was the primary pathogen. A negative correlation between RSV CT‐value and disease severity was found in all RSV cases (ρ = ?0.52, P = 0.003) and in cases with RSV as the primary pathogen (ρ = ?0.54, P = 0.03). In conclusion, this is the first report on viral loads in previously healthy infants with RSV infection in the community. Disease severity correlated positively with viral load during primary RSV infection. J. Med. Virol. 82: 1266–1271, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Survival Models of Community Tenure and Length of Hospital Stay for the Seriously Mentally Ill: A 10-year Perspective

Objective: To examine the effects of personal and community characteristics, specifically race and rurality, on lengths of state psychiatric hospital and community stays using maximum likelihood survival analysis with a special emphasis on change over a ten year period of time. Data Sources: We used the administrative data of the Virginia Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Substance Abuse Services (DMHMRSAS) from 1982–1991 and the Area Resources File (ARF). Given these two sources, we constructed a history file for each individual who entered the state psychiatric system over the ten year period. Histories included demographic, treatment, and community characteristics. Study Design: We used a longitudinal, population-based design with maximum likelihood estimation of survival models. We presented a random effects model with unobserved heterogeneity that was independent of observed covariates. The key dependent variables were lengths of inpatient stay and subsequent length of community stay. Explanatory variables measured personal, diagnostic, and community characteristics, as well as controls for calendar time. Data Collection: This study used secondary, administrative, and health planning data. Principal Findings: African-American clients leave the community more quickly than whites. After controlling for other characteristics, however, race does not affect hospital length of stay. Rurality does not affect length of community stays once other personal and community characteristics are controlled for. However, people from rural areas have longer hospital stays even after controlling for personal and community characteristics. The effects of time are significantly smaller than expected. Diagnostic composition effects and a decrease in the rate of first inpatient admissions explain part of this reduced impact of time. We also find strong evidence for the existence of unobserved heterogeneity in both types of stays and adjust for this in our final models. Conclusions: Our results show that information on client characteristics available from inpatient stay records is useful in predicting not only the length of inpatient stay but also the length of the subsequent community stay. This information can be used to target increased discharge planning for those at risk of more rapid readmission to inpatient care. Correlation across observed and unobserved factors affecting length of stay has significant effects on the measurement of relationships between individual factors and lengths of stay. Thus, it is important to control for both observed and unobserved factors in estimation.     

Education and Practice: Connecting with Research

This paper discusses a faculty project that explored community research needs to guide and shape the research curriculum and class assignments for a master of occupational therapy education program. Thirteen community partners were identified and interviewed. Eleven of 13 valued or greatly valued research. Those same 11 expressed an interest in collaborating with the Department of Occupational Therapy. The community partners identified 86 potential future topics for research covering many areas of practice; the majority of them focused on pediatrics. The community partners also identified several research supports already in place such as team work, administrative support, and access to clients. They identified barriers to implementing research including lack of time and assistance for the research process. This information will be incorporated in student research projects, course assignments, and faculty research agendas to provide students with an authentic learning experience while meeting community partners' needs.     

外科感染的病原菌调查与分析

目的研究外科感染中常见的微生物种类和分布，为临床明确诊断以及合理应用抗生素提供必要的依据。方法应用标准的微生物方法检测了脓肿、继发性腹膜炎、坏死性筋膜炎和坏死性组织创口4类外科脓液标本的微生物分布，并同时进行需氧菌和厌氧菌的检测。结果外科感染通常有包括需氧菌和厌氧菌的多种菌。被分离出的常见细菌为大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、克雷伯菌属某些种、铜绿色假单胞、脆弱类杆菌和消化链球菌某些种。结论在外科感染治疗中，对金黄色葡萄球菌、革兰氏阴性需氧菌及厌氧菌等不同病原菌的感染应采取与其相适应的治疗策略。     

Soil <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas</Emphasis> Community Structure and Its Antagonism Towards <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia solani</Emphasis> Under the Stress of Acetochlor

In a microcosm experiment, the amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis was adopted to investigate the Pseudomonas community structure in soils applied with different concentrations (0, 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg) of acetochlor, and an in vitro assay was made to examine the antagonistic activity of isolated Pseudomonas strains acting on soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. The results showed that acetochlor application changed the community structure of Pseudomonas in aquic brown soil. The diversity of Pseudomonas and the amount of isolated Pseudomonas strains with antagonistic activity decreased with an increasing acetochlor concentration, and the toxic effect of acetochlor reached to a steady level at 150–250 mg/kg.     

Early experiences from the Kirseberg Public Health Project in Malmo, Sweden An alcohol prevention campaign

This article reports on a pilot demonstration to implement analcohol reduction campaign in the community of Kirseberg (population10 000) located in Malmö, Sweden. Begun in 1988, this publichealth project integrates many aspects of the comprehensivecommunity based models for heart disease and cancer preventionreported in the literature during the past two decades. Utilizinga five stage model of preventive action, the paper details theintervention activities and experiences encountered during theearly phases of community implementation. Overall, the projecthypothesizes a 25% reduction in alcohol use by the year 2000and the prevention of alcohol related problems. The varioustheoretical bases supporting the interventions are discussesedThe role of local organizations and citizen groups activelyinvolved in this partnership strategy is described. Projectobjectives and evaluation plans are presented.     

神经胶质瘤微生态系统研究

恶性神经胶质瘤的生物学行为主要表现为侵袭性生长和高度血管化,这不仅是肿瘤本身的恶性表型,也是神经胶质瘤微生态系统中相关因素相互作用的结果.该文主要介绍神经胶质瘤微生态系统研究状况、与肿瘤微环境的区别、组成要素及血管内皮细胞对其的影响.     

Twenty year smoking trends in a community-based cardiovascular diseases prevention programme: Results from the North Karelia Project

Objectives: to evaluate long-term changes associated with acommunity-based cardiovascular disease prevention programmeon smoking. Methods: the North Karelia Project was started in1972 to carry out a comprehensive community-based programmeto reduce the exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular diseases(CVD) in North Karelia, an eastern province in Finland. Amongthe main intermediate objectives was the reduction of smokingrates, particularly among the male population. The programmewas evaluated by standardized examinations of large representativecross-sectional population samples in 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987and 1992 in North Karelia and in the Kuopio province, anotherprovince in eastern Finland, which was initially chosen as referencearea for the first project period. Results: in men the percentageof current smokers decreased during the 20 years from 52 to32% in North Karelia and from 50 to 37% in the initial referencearea (p<0.05). Smoking declined faster in the first 10 years(from 1972 to 1982) than in the last 10 years. During the first10 years the decline was more remarkable in North Karelia thanin the reference area. The main reason for the decline in smokingduring the first 10 years was smoking cessation and during thelast 10 years the increase in the number of people who had neversmoked regularly. Among women the proportion of smokers increasedin both areas from approximately 10 to approximately 20%. Thisincrease was greatest in the youngest age group. Conclusions:the community-based cardiovascular disease prevention programmewas an effective way to reduce smoking in the general populationin men and sustained decline could be achieved.