Community-based dementia care re-defined: Lessons from Iceland

Studies of families caring for persons with dementia living at home often reflect feelings of being forgotten and abandoned by the authorities to shoulder the responsibility for care-giving. This has increased interest in how formal services can better support these families. This article analyses how health and social care professionals envision the needs of families of persons with dementia living in the community. It also describes the contributions of the formal care system to these families. The study design was qualitative. It involved interviews with professionals (N = 20), field observations from the settings where they worked, and public documents addressing care-giving for people with dementia. Data were analysed using the framework method. The findings reflected how those providing services to persons experiencing cognitive changes mainly understood the services as specialised. They focused on the diagnosis and treatment of the individual with dementia. They considered other aspects of care, such as attending to practical issues of daily life, to be a private matter, for which the family was responsible. In later stages of dementia, specialised day programs become available, offering rehabilitation to motivate positive daily living—for both the person experiencing dementia and family-centred supporters. Professionals in the field described primary care, community-based healthcare and home care services as poorly equipped to support these families. Participants acknowledged that families were often under a lot of stress and might need more support earlier in the illness. However, they saw themselves as powerless. Towards the end of the data collection, services were being re-designed to emphasise the role of primary care. In light of its holistic and family-centred approach, primary care may be well placed to integrate relational understanding of living with dementia and specialised knowledge of dementia treatment.     

What is the impact of day care on older people with long-term conditions: A systematic review

There is a lack of robust evidence regarding outcomes for day care use among older people living with long-term conditions (LTCs). Day care is provided by independent, private and voluntary and charitable sectors. This systematic review aims to establish current evidence of outcomes for older people with LTCs attending day care services and outcomes on carers, across all service models. Narrative synthesis of quantitative and qualitative data was undertaken. The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic literature search was carried out across eight electronic databases and reference lists of key journals between 2004 and October 2020 were searched. Searches returned 1,202 unique titles. Forty-five articles from 16 countries met the criteria on review of title, abstract and full article. There is limited evidence suggesting improved levels of perceived psychological health, quality of life, perceived general health, physical health and functioning for older people attending day care who have LTCs. The respite function of day care resulted in positive outcomes for carers. Studies evaluating outcomes for participants or carers were limited in quantity and quality. There is limited information regarding outcomes for day care attendance for older people with multiple LTCs from existing literature. Further research focusing on LTCs and day care attendance would benefit this field.     

To what extent do community characteristics drive health facility delivery? Findings among Women who had recent live births in Nigeria

Existing studies have established several individual drivers of health facility delivery in many developing countries. However, the community characteristics that drive health facility delivery have been less studied across developing countries. This study thus examines the extent to which community characteristics drives health facility delivery among women who had recent live births in Nigeria based on data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). A weighted sample size of 7,342 women was analysed. The outcome variable was health facility delivery. The explanatory variables were selected individual and community characteristics. Results show 39.7% prevalence of health facility delivery among the women. Findings further reveals that the community characteristics have significant effects on the variations in health facility delivery across the communities. Community characteristics significantly drive health facility delivery in Nigeria. More community-based priority actions are required to improve demand for health facility delivery in the country.     

黑龙江省社区卫生服务机构生殖健康咨询服务能力调查

目的:了解黑龙江省社区卫生服务机构生殖健康咨询服务能力现状,为黑龙江省有针对性地提高生殖健康咨询服务的可及性和有效性提供参考建议。方法:2020年7—9月采取随机抽样方法在黑龙江省抽取7个地市,每个地市随机选取2所社区卫生服务机构,对生殖健康服务相关医务人员开展问卷调查。结果:对301份有效问卷进行统计学分析,调查对象生殖健康服务相关知识正确率最高的为健康促进知识(28.2%)。调查对象生殖健康咨询服务培训率为26.6%。可以提供的生殖健康咨询服务第1位是避孕节育咨询(93.4%)。调查对象的咨询概念化能力评分均值为(30.79±13.62)分,咨询实践操作能力均值为(48.99±19.00)分,总分均值为(79.78±31.72)分。统计分析发现,生殖健康咨询能力与年龄、工作岗位、是否获得生殖健康咨询员/咨询师资格和是否接受生殖健康咨询服务培训等有关,进一步分析发现,后两个变量是咨询能力自我评估得分的主要影响因素(P<0.05)。调查对象最希望得到的工作支持为医院领导对相关科室的协调(94.0%)。结论:黑龙江省社区卫生服务机构生殖健康服务人员相关知识较为薄弱,咨询概念化能力及咨询实践操作能力有待提高。应加强基层社区卫生服务机构相关人员培训,促进生殖健康咨询服务职业化、专业化发展,提升生殖健康咨询服务供给水平。     

2019年东莞市长安镇高血压患者血压控制现状及其影响因素分析

目的:探讨东莞市长安镇社区高血压患者血压控制情况及其相关因素,为干预措施的制定提供依据。方法:选取长安镇参加2019年体检的社区高血压患者,分析血压控制情况及其影响因素。结果:10246例高血压患者中,血压控制未达标6666例(65.00%),达标3589例(35.00%);不同年龄组、性别、体质指数、是否饮酒、是否规律锻炼、是否高脂血症、是否高尿酸血症、服药依从性、是否签约和服务模式的血压控制达标率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:长安镇社区高血压患者血压控制效果不理想,应针对血压控制的影响因素,加强中青年高血压患者的教育,有效落实家庭医生签约服务,提高服务依从性,提高规范管理率,开展更有针对性、更科学和更高效的高血压防治工作。     

甘肃省疾病预防控制系统慢性病防控基础配置能力评估

摘 要：目的：探讨社区诊室血压达标的高血压患者晨峰血压控制及血压管理效果评估。方法：将400例高血压患者随 机分为研究组和对照组。试验前后完善24 h动态血压、24 h动态心电图及头颅CT检查,随后每3个月行1次24 h动态血压检 查。生活方式和药物干预 12个月,观察两组治疗前后血压达标情况及心脑血管事件发生率。结果：研究组治疗中后期患者 24 h平均收缩压、起床后2 h内平均收缩压及晨峰血压均较同期对照组显著降低;两组心脑血管疾病发病率差异有统计学意 义 （χ2=5.171,P＜0.05）。结论：诊室血压达标伴晨峰血压的患者更易发生心脑血管疾病,采用适宜的血压管理模式可有效 降低晨峰血压。     

基于《指南》的痛风及高尿酸血症基层防治策略探讨

高尿酸血症是临床常见的代谢性疾病,也是诱发痛风的重要生化基础及直接致病因素。发挥基层社区卫生服务机构的全科团队优势,通过个性化慢性病管理模式,可以有效减少痛风的发生与复发,改善痛风及高尿酸血症患者生活质量,并提升患者自我管理能力。该研究以最新《痛风及高尿酸血症基层诊疗指南》为参照,从此病基层诊断要点、管理特点、分级诊疗、规范用药、社区综合干预等要素探讨基层防治策略,提升基层医院慢性病防治水平。     

人均预期寿命差距的健康决定因素贡献度研究

目的:系统性分解健康决定因素不平等对人均预期寿命差距的贡献度,探索公共政策可干预的优先领域,提出缩小国家或地区间健康差距的政策建议.方法:利用1990—2017年跨国面板数据,在分组构建宏观健康生产方程和回归分析的基础上,利用Oaxaca-Blinder分解技术对高、低寿命国家组间差距进行分解,计算出各因素对寿命差距的贡献度.结果:总体人均预期寿命差距绝大部分(92.8%)可由健康决定因素不平等解释(可干预的资源型差异),不可解释部分(难以干预的结构型差异)仅占7.2%;在可解释部分,受教育程度贡献度最高(34.4%),其次是人均GDP(26.8%)和安全饮水覆盖率(26.2%),三者共占87.4%;在因素分类贡献度中,社会经济地位因素对于寿命差距贡献度最高(60.9%),医疗卫生体系因素贡献度为6.5%.结论:健康弱势国家应主动建立以健康为导向的资源可持续发展路径,必要时采取国家内部跨地区资源转移战略;明确健康发展的优先领域,兼顾跨领域资源统筹协调;加强发达国家对弱势国家资源发展的国际投资与援助,协作构建人类卫生健康共同体.     

基于社会网络分析方法的黑龙江省县域医联体建设问题分析及思考

目的:梳理与明确黑龙江省县域医联体建设中的关键问题,为黑龙江省县域医联体建设提供参考意见。方法:文献分析法、社会网络分析法等。结果:黑龙江省县域医疗体系在政策和相关卫生资源的配置上存在医疗资源薄弱、县域医联体政策、配套措施不足等问题;医联体成员间、医生间利益分配和激励机制不足、农村基层医疗机构服务能力不足以及政府对于医共体财政补助不足是目前被学者们普遍认同的关键问题。结论:重构利益分配和激励机制、以政策与相关配套措施推动县域医联体建设、补齐县级医院短板是黑龙江省县域医联体建设的必要之举。     

21世纪医疗保障制度改革的几种趋势

综观世界诸医疗保障制度改革的实践和理论研究,21世纪医疗保障制度改革有以下几种趋势：强调社会保障的人权意义,医疗保障是基本的人权保障的重要方面,医疗保障向健康保障过渡;医疗保障中适当地导入市场机制的作用,重视社区卫生服务。