How to manage treatment failure in prosthetic joint infection

BackgroundManagement for prosthetic joint infections remains a challenging area for both infectious diseases and orthopaedic surgery, particularly in the setting of treatment failure. This is compounded by a lack of level 1 evidence to guide approaches. The optimal management of prosthetic joint infections requires a multi-disciplinary approach combined with shared decision making with the patient.AimsThis article describes the approach to prosthetic joint infections in the setting of treatment failure.SourcesNarrative review based on literature review from PubMed. There was no time limit on the studies included. In addition, the reference list for included studies were reviewed for literature saturation with manual searching of clinical guidelines. Management approaches described incorporate evidence- and eminence-based recommendations from expert guidelines and clinical studies, where applicable.ContentThe surgical and antimicrobial approaches for prosthetic joint infections are described for first-line treatment of prosthetic joint infections and approaches in the event of treatment failure. Management approaches are based on an understanding of the role the biofilm plays in the pathogenesis of prosthetic joint infections. The management of these infections aims to fulfil two key goals: to eradicate the biofilm-associated microorganisms and, to maintain a functional joint and quality of life. In treatment failure, these goals are not always feasible, and the role of the multi-disciplinary team and shared-decision making are prominent.ImplicationsProsthetic joint surgery is a high-volume surgery, and the demand for this surgery is continually increasing. With this, the number of infections requiring expert care will also increase. Eminence-based management approaches have been established to guide treatment failure until knowledge gaps in optimal management are addressed by well-designed, clinical trials.     

基于网络的人工髋关节术后评定系统

目的　对人工髋关节置换术后的效果进行评定。方法　采用了三种著名的人工髋关节置换术评定标准 ,利用网络技术和计算机对数据进行采集整理和分析。结果　完成了评定系统的功能 ,能得出正确的结论。结论　采用基于网络的人工髋关节评定系统提高评定的速度和质量 ,其评定结果可方便的进行交流     

踝关节的横及冠状断层影像解剖学

目的：为踝关节病变的影像学诊断提供解剖学基础。方法：①观测15例干性胫、腓及距骨的关节面。②成年男尸右足标本7例，先依骨性标志画线，新鲜2例画线后，各行轴位CT、MRI扫描及冠状位MRI扫描后冻硬，再切制横断层4例，冠状断层3例。结果：①距骨上关节面前、后宽为30．2、23．5mm；距骨内、外踝关节面矢状径与垂直径分别为30．8、14．9mm与27．5、23．7mm;外踝关节面前缘至距骨颈后缘间距为9．3mm。胫骨内踝与腓骨外踝关节面矢状径与垂直径分别为21．8、14．7mm和16．9、21．6mm。②观察了每一断层内关节及周围结构的形态、毗邻及其在连续断层的变化规律，并匹配相应CT及MRI。距骨滑车上关节面前宽32．9mm，距骨上、胫骨下关节面软骨厚1．7mm与1．8mm，胫距关节、内踝处及腓距关节腔径值分别为2．4、2．8、1．4mm，骨间韧带长1.8mm。结论：踝关节的断层解剖，为影像学诊断及关节镜技术等提供了解剖学依据。     

肱骨远端的解剖观测与肱骨假体的设计

目的:为临床肱骨远端假体的设计与安放提供相关数据。方法:测量120块(男35对、女25对)成人干燥肱骨远端相关结构,对所测得结果用SPSS软件处理。结果:(1)肱骨远端前倾角和肱骨滑车外旋角,男女分别为(35.78±5.12)°、(36.33±5.06)°和(5.35±1.13)°、(5.55±1.22)°。(2)内上髁至外上髁最大宽度、滑车最内侧缘至小头最外侧缘宽度、肱骨滑车和肱骨小头宽度男女分别为(58.92±4.03)、(55.75±3.85);(45.34±3.15)、(42.18±3.01);(24.82±1.74)、(21.78±1.51)和(17.69±1.23)、(16.39±1.21)mm。(3)肱骨滑车和肱骨小头最大矢径男女分别为(23.35±2.06)、(23.13±2.15)和(19.47±1.38)、(19.13±2.19)mm。男女之间和左右之间各测量数据无显著性差异(P>0.05)。个体间有较大差异。结论:肱骨远端各项目的测量值,可供设计与安放肱骨假体提供解剖参数。     

骶髂关节及相关的解剖观测和临床意义

目的：通过骶髂关节及相关的解剖观测，为半盆脱位骶髂关节穿钉固定术提供临床应用依据。方法：观察成人干燥骨盆标本30付，并测量60侧穿钉时涉及的数据，以统计学方法计算出该组数据的国人正常值范围。结果：得出骶髂关节螺钉固定的进钉点、方向、安全范围及深度。结论：掌握骶髂关节的相关解剖及进钉要点，对临床施行半盆脱位骶髂关节穿钉固定术具有指导意义。     

沙浴治疗兔膝骨关节炎的实验研究

目的：研究沙浴对兔膝关节骨性关节炎(osteoarthritis OA)关节周围血流、膝关节滑膜及软骨的病理改变的影响，为中老年人膝骨关节炎的沙浴治疗提供依据。方法：青紫兰兔15只，成功建立OA动物模型13只，其中12只随机分成自由活动组(A)，自由活动加沙疗组(B)，健侧关节沙疗对照组(C)。在平均气温32℃情况下，将模型兔下半部分掩埋在干燥的40～50℃的海沙中，1次25～30min，1次／d。观察沙疗后即时的膝关节周围血流情况，以及经过沙疗10d和20d后膝关节滑膜及软骨的病理改变。结果：沙疗后患侧膝关节活动改善，膝关节周围血管内血流明显增加，膝关节滑膜细胞层次逐渐减少、炎症细胞明显减少，但软骨细胞退变改善在光学显微镜下不明显。结论：沙疗能增加治疗部位的血流，改善局部血液循环，促进炎症的消退，对正常关节无不利影响。     

Moment arms of the muscles crossing the anatomical shoulder

The objective of the present study was to determine the instantaneous moment arms of 18 major muscle sub-regions crossing the glenohumeral joint during coronal-plane abduction and sagittal-plane flexion. Muscle moment-arm data for sub-regions of the shoulder musculature during humeral elevation are currently not available. The tendon-excursion method was used to measure instantaneous muscle moment arms in eight entire upper-extremity cadaver specimens. Significant differences in moment arms were reported across sub-regions of the deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, infraspinatus and supraspinatus (P < 0.01). The most effective abductors were the middle and anterior deltoid, whereas the most effective adductors were the teres major, middle and inferior latissimus dorsi (lumbar vertebrae and iliac crest fibers, respectively), and middle and inferior pectoralis major (sternal and lower-costal fibers, respectively). In flexion, the superior pectoralis major (clavicular fibers), anterior and posterior supraspinatus, and anterior deltoid were the most effective flexors, whereas the teres major and posterior deltoid had the largest extensor moment arms. Division of multi-pennate shoulder muscles of broad origins into sub-regions highlighted distinct functional differences across those sub-regions. Most significantly, we found that the superior sub-region of the pectoralis major had the capacity to exert substantial torque in flexion, whereas the middle and inferior sub-regions tended to behave as a stabilizer and extensor, respectively. Knowledge of moment arm differences between muscle sub-regions may assist in identifying the functional effects of muscle sub-region tears, assist surgeons in planning tendon reconstructive surgery, and aid in the development and validation of biomechanical computer models used in implant design.     

Immunolocalization and expression of lubricin in the bilaminar zone of the human temporomandibular joint disc

Lubricin, which is a boundary joint lubricant, was investigated immunohistochemically in the bilaminar zone (BZ) of the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ), without any degenerative changes. Immunohistochemistry for lubricin detection was carried out on 33 TMJ discs obtained from 17 cadavers. Sections were incubated with diluted rabbit polyclonal anti-lubricin antibody and scored according to the percentage of lubricin immunopositive cells. Three different TMJ disc tissue compartments were analyzed, namely: the upper lamina, the inferior lamina and the loose connective tissue in the space between the laminae. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare protein expression (lubricin) among disc specimens’ regions. Staining was noted within the TMJ disc cell populations in every disc tissue sample, with almost every cell immunolabeled by the lubricin antibody. The number of disc cells immunolabeled was almost the same in the 3 bilaminar zone regions. Positive extracellular matrix staining was also seen. The results of the present study suggest that lubricin is expressed in the TMJ disc bilaminar zone. Lubricin may have a role in normal disc posterior attachment physiology through the prevention of cellular adhesion as well as providing lubrication during normal bilaminar zone function.     

慢性外侧踝关节不稳手术重建的研究进展

目的:总结各种慢性外侧踝关节不稳手术重建方案的研究进展.方法:查阅近年关于慢性外侧踝关节不稳手术重建方案的文献,进行综合分析.结果:根据手术适应证的不同,慢性外侧踝关节不稳手术重建方案可分为解剖型重建和非解剖型重建两种,并衍生出多种重建方案,手术重建方案选择需要综合各种因素考虑.结论:根据患者的临床症状以及损伤程度,系统评所选择手术的效能,以实施最佳手术治疗方案达到最佳效果.