Exploring the Limits of Autonomy

Background: The ethical principle of autonomy is explored as it applies to situations in which patients' capacities to make decisions are questionable. Case Report: A 40-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department with an epidural hematoma, and refused to undergo emergent surgical treatment. Considering the acutely life-threatening nature of his problem and the inability to confirm the patient's capacity in the presence of a traumatic brain injury, the decision was made to proceed with emergent surgical treatment without consent. Discussion: The concept of conditional autonomy is introduced, defined, and employed to defend the process whereby a select group of patients may be treated without full knowledge of their wishes.     

急性自发椎管内血肿临床诊治及预后分析

目的：探讨急性自发性椎管内血肿的临床特点、治疗及预后因素。方法回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第二医院自2011年1月至2014年3月收治的38例自发性椎管内血肿患者临床资料,对流行病学、临床特征、以及治疗和预后进行评估。结果38例患者中,硬膜外血肿29例,硬膜下5例,蛛网膜下腔1例,髓内血肿3例。男性22例,女性17例;血肿分布以颈、胸段最多。29例患者行手术治疗,9例患者保守治疗。脊髓损伤ASIA A和B级的患者出院后6个月随访JOA评分恢复率为（51.26±38.97）％, ASIA C、 D、 E级的患者恢复率为（80.33±25.83）％（P＜0.05）;24 h内手术减压的患者神经功能恢复率明显优于24 h后手术患者（P＜0.05）。结论诊断急性椎管内血肿MRI是首选检查。对于已明确出血节段、症状较重且呈现进展趋势的患者应尽快急诊手术。预后与术前神经功能状态和术前病程时间有密切相关。     

持续华法林治疗对起搏器植入术后囊袋血肿的影响

目的观察围术期继续应用华法林对起搏器囊袋血肿发生率的影响。方法180例服用华法林的患者接受永久起搏器植入,按照随机表随机分成继续华法林组和肝素桥接组,各90例。继续华法林组患者给予围术期内监测凝血酶原国际化比值,并维持华法林治疗（华法林剂量3．0—6．0mg）;肝素桥接组患者围术期内采用低分子肝素桥接[1mg／（kg·12h）],观察住院期间2周内囊袋的血肿发生率。结果继续华法林组囊袋血肿发生率为6．7％（6／90）,肝素桥接组为17．8％（16／90）,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．023）。Logistic回归分析显示低分子肝素为发生囊袋血肿的独立危险因素（RR=2．665,95％CI=1．073—8．156,P=0．023）。结论与肝素桥接法比较,围术期继续服用华法林不明显增加起搏器囊袋血肿发生率。     

Soft tissue hematoma of the neck due to thyroid rupture with unusual mechanism

IntroductionMassive bleeding from the thyroid gland causing airway compromise secondary to indirect neck trauma is rare.Presentation of caseAn 89-year-old woman was transferred to our emergency department due to anterior neck pain after a traffic accident. She had been propelled forward and struck her head on the front mirror during emergency braking. Airway patency was confirmed at the first contact. Although her vital signs were stable at presentation, she gradually suffered from respiratory distress and severe dyspnea, implying airway compression, therefore requiring endotracheal intubation. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a large, encapsulated hematoma in the left thyroid gland lobe extending to the upper mediastinum. Contrast-enhanced CT demonstrated an extravasation of the contrast agent around the left superior thyroid artery. The left thyroid artery was ligated and the hematoma was removed immediately. She had a favorable course without further complications and was discharged 36 days after admission.DiscussionAirway management is the most important consideration in patients with thyroid injury. Treatment should be customized depending on the degree of respiratory distress resulting from of either involvement of the direct airway or secondary compression.ConclusionAlthough hemorrhage from the thyroid gland without blunt trauma is rare, emergency physicians should regard possible thyroid gland rupture in patients with swelling of the neck or acute respiratory failure after direct/indirect trauma to the neck. Observation or operative management for limited or expanding hematoma are appropriately based on fundamental neck trauma principles.     

老年外伤性颅内血肿患者的临床特点

对１４６例老年颅内血肿患者的致伤原因,临床表现,影像学检查结果,治疗方法及预后等因素进行了回顾性分析,结果表明,致伤原因中坠落伤占４９％、车祸伤占２５％,打伤占１１％,原因不明占１５％。临床表现轻重不一,在各种血肿中,慢性硬膜下血刀性硬膜外血肿１１例,硬膜下血肿９例,急性脑内血肿１４例,急性硬膜下血肿俣并脑内血肿２５例,亚急性硬下血肿７例,颅脑ＣＴ扫描均发现颅内有不同密度的阴影。１３６例行手术治疗     

血肿穿刺加脑室外引流治疗高血压脑出血89例临床分析

目的探讨血肿穿刺引流加脑室外引流高血压脑出血的治疗方法。方法对89例高血压脑出血破入脑室行血肿及脑室同时穿刺外引流加尿激酶注入治疗临床资料的分析。结果 89例患者术后6个月随访,生活能自理者32例;基本能自理者25例;不能自理者22例;植物生存者7例;死亡3例。结论高血压脑出血破入脑室,采取血肿及脑室穿刺外引流加术后尿激酶注入溶解的治疗方法,一般3~5 d血肿基本消失,手术创伤小,恢复快。     

脑出血血肿体积动态演变的相关因素及CT定量评价

目的探讨脑出血血肿体积动态变化规律。方法使用脑出血血肿体积测量软件测算脑出血血肿体积,对血肿体积扩大及吸收分别进行分析。结果血肿扩大与出血部位、血肿形态、慢性肝病及长期饮酒史有关。血肿吸收组于第1天、第3天及第7天复查,血肿平均吸收比率分别为9．31％、16．04％、28．05％;首次出血量分别为〈10ml、10～20ml、20～30ml者血肿吸收比率依次减小。结论出血部位、血肿形态、慢性肝病及长期饮酒史是脑出血后血肿扩大的相关因素;血肿吸收速度与首次出血量相关：首次出血量小吸收快,反之则越慢;血肿吸收组随时间进展,吸收速度增快。     

慢性硬膜下血肿微创治疗的疗效分析

目的:观察微创穿刺抽吸、冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)的疗效。方法:本组46例CS-DH均经头颅CT检查确诊,采用YL-l型一次性使用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针进行血肿微创穿刺抽吸、冲洗引流,血肿量60~180 ml,引流时间3~5 d。结果:46例中44例经一次穿刺抽吸、冲洗引流后治愈;2例血肿复发,改行钻孔引流反复冲洗术后治愈,无合并症、无死亡。结论:CSDH行微创穿刺抽吸、冲洗引流,创伤小、效果好、简便易行,可作为CSDH的有效治疗方法。     

颅内血肿微创穿刺清除术治疗重症高血压性脑出血的疗效分析

目的探讨颅内血肿微创穿刺清除术治疗重症高血压性脑出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析重症高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,其中采用微创颅内血肿清除治疗为微创组,开颅手术治疗为小骨窗组,比较两组的临床疗效。结果术后第1天小骨窗组血肿量显著少于微创组（P〈0.01）,但术后3天和7天,两组血肿量比较没有差异（P〉0.05）。两组术后NIHSS评分、临床疗效、GOS评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,微创组肺部感染显著低于小骨窗组,住院时间显著短于小骨窗组（P〈0.01）。结论颅内血肿微创穿刺清除术治疗高血压性脑出血安全可行,适应证较宽,可明显改善患者预后及生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

阿托伐他汀钙配合单孔双管冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿疗效分析

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀钙配合单孔双管冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析2016年5月至2017年4月我院神经外科采用阿托伐他汀钙配合单孔双管冲洗引流治疗的42例慢性硬膜下血肿的临床预后及随访结果。男33例、女9例,年龄为38~82岁,平均年龄为（70.0±5.8）岁。42例患者均有头痛、头晕症状,36例有不同程度肢体肌力障碍。结果 42例患者中36例为单侧慢性硬膜下血肿,6例为双侧慢性硬膜下血肿。所有患者的头痛、头晕症状和肌力障碍术后24 h内均改善,1个月后症状完全消失。41例完全治愈,其中22例患者术后3个月时复查头颅计算机断层扫描（CT）提示血肿完全消失,19例患者术后6个月时复查头颅CT示血肿完全消失;1例（2.38%）双侧慢性硬膜下血肿患者因心房颤动口服华法林,术后1个月时复查头颅CT提示慢性硬膜下血肿复发,在随访过程中突发呼吸心跳骤停死亡。结论 阿托伐他汀钙配合单孔双管冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿确实有效,值得推广应用。