广东省未婚青少年流动人口性健康行为干预研究

目的：本研究通过对广东省未婚青少年流动人口性健康状况（性观念、性知识、性行为及影响因素）进行流行病学定量和社会学定性调查,为改善未婚青少年性健康服务提供科学依据。方法：采用问卷调查、小组访谈和个人深入访谈的方法,了解未婚流动人口对性与生殖健康的认知、态度和行为。结果：显示未婚青少年流动人口的性道德观向更加开放和宽容转变,表现出明显的分散和多元特征,较城市居民更容易产生一些性与生殖健康问题。结论：加强对未婚青少年流动人口的性道德观的教育,为他们提供有效的性和生殖健康信息及服务,能够有效地改善青少年的生殖健康状况。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控环境下皖西南农村居民心理健康状况调查

目的 探究新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间皖西南地区农村居民的心理健康状况及影响因素.方法 采用自编一般情况调查表和90项症状自评量表(SCL-90)于2020年2月1日至5日对皖西南地区766名农村居民进行网络问卷调查.比较不同人口学信息的居民之间心理健康状况的差异,并采用logistic回归分析筛选心理健康的影响因素.结果 发放在线问卷887份,回收有效问卷766份,有效率为86.4％.COVID-19疫情期间皖西南地区农村居民的心理问题发生率为23.2％(178/766),主要表现为强迫(15.1％,116/766)、人际关系敏感(9.0％,69/766)和睡眠与饮食问题(8.5％,65/766).COVID-19疫情期间,农村居民的SCL-90各因子分均低于中国常模,其中躯体化、强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病性和"其他"因子分与常模比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01).多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR=0.977,95％CI 0.965～0.989)、受教育程度(OR=0.693,95％CI 0.497～0.966)、家庭结构完整与否(OR=1.934,95％CI 1.223～3.059)、对疫情知识的了解程度(OR=0.948,95％CI 0.914～0.983)是COVID-19疫情期间农村居民心理健康的影响因素(P均<0.05).结论 COVID-19疫情期间,皖西南地区农村居民的心理健康状况较好,应加强对易感人群的关注,进一步普及疫情相关知识,维护疫情时期农村居民的心理健康.     

基于全生命周期理念的中药新药监管科学研究

中药是我国具有原创性优势的健康资源,近年来,国家高度重视中医药的价值,强调传承精华,守正创新以推动中医药行业的健康发展。但目前中药仍面临创新能力不足、中药新药发展缓慢的问题,严重制约中药产业的发展。中药新药研发具有政策导向性,全生命周期管理理念的运用和监管科学的兴起,将会促进中药监管体系与治理能力的发展,为中药研发提供政策指导。对中药全生命周期各阶段的特殊性及监管情况进行分析,探索中药监管科学建设思路,以期为改善中药新药监管效果提供参考。     

温馨提示卡在肺癌患者健康教育中的应用及评价

目的：探讨温馨提示卡在中医治疗肺癌健康教育中的应用效果。方法：将中西结合肿瘤科83例肺癌患者随机分成2组,观察组42例采用温馨提示卡进行健康教育,对照组41例实施常规健康教育。结果：观察组疾病知识知晓率、患者满意度均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：温馨提示卡是肺癌患者健康教育较为有效的手段之一。     

精神病专科医院与综合医院护士工作压力源及心理健康状况关系的比较

目的：探讨兰州市第三人民医院（精神病专科医院）与兰州市第一人民医院（综合医院）护士工作压力源、心理健康状况及其相互间的关系。方法：采用护士工作压力源量表,症状自评量表（SCL-90）对精神病专科医院和综合医院共172名临床护士进行问卷调查。发放调查表172份,其中精神病专科医院护士72份,综合医院护士100份。结果：压力源量表中病人护理方面的问题,管理及人际关系方面的问题,精神病专科医院护士评分高于综合医院护士,SCL-90中除精神病性差异有显著意义垆〈0．05）外,其他项目比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。工作压力源与心理健康水平呈显著正相关,其相关系数较大的为护理方面的问题、管理及人际关系方面的问题。结论：精神病专科医院护士工作压力较大,医院管理者及护士自身应引起足够的重视。精神病专科医院与综合医院护士心理健康状况处在同一水平,工作压力源是影响心理健康的一个重要因素。建议管理者育意识地减轻护士工作压力源,并对护士进行减压训练,以维护其心理健康。     

黑龙江省社区卫生服务机构生殖健康咨询服务能力调查

目的:了解黑龙江省社区卫生服务机构生殖健康咨询服务能力现状,为黑龙江省有针对性地提高生殖健康咨询服务的可及性和有效性提供参考建议。方法:2020年7—9月采取随机抽样方法在黑龙江省抽取7个地市,每个地市随机选取2所社区卫生服务机构,对生殖健康服务相关医务人员开展问卷调查。结果:对301份有效问卷进行统计学分析,调查对象生殖健康服务相关知识正确率最高的为健康促进知识(28.2%)。调查对象生殖健康咨询服务培训率为26.6%。可以提供的生殖健康咨询服务第1位是避孕节育咨询(93.4%)。调查对象的咨询概念化能力评分均值为(30.79±13.62)分,咨询实践操作能力均值为(48.99±19.00)分,总分均值为(79.78±31.72)分。统计分析发现,生殖健康咨询能力与年龄、工作岗位、是否获得生殖健康咨询员/咨询师资格和是否接受生殖健康咨询服务培训等有关,进一步分析发现,后两个变量是咨询能力自我评估得分的主要影响因素(P<0.05)。调查对象最希望得到的工作支持为医院领导对相关科室的协调(94.0%)。结论:黑龙江省社区卫生服务机构生殖健康服务人员相关知识较为薄弱,咨询概念化能力及咨询实践操作能力有待提高。应加强基层社区卫生服务机构相关人员培训,促进生殖健康咨询服务职业化、专业化发展,提升生殖健康咨询服务供给水平。     

Change in self‐reported oral health in relation to use of dental services over 2 yr

To investigate change in oral health in relation to use of dental services, a random sample of 45‐ to 54‐yr‐old subjects from Adelaide, South Australia, was surveyed in 2004–2005 (n = 986, response rate = 44.4%). Service use and a global oral‐health transition (GOHT) statement were collected over 2 yr. Worsening in oral health was reported from the GOHT statement by 25% of persons, while improvement was reported by 30%. Prevalence ratios (PRs, 95% CI), adjusted for sex, education, health card status, and toothbrushing, showed that worsening oral health was inversely associated with dental visiting (PR = 0.5, 0.4–0.7) and with scaling and cleaning services (PR = 0.6, 0.4–0.9), whereas extractions (PR = 2.3, 1.6–3.4) and dentures (PR = 2.2, 1.3–3.7) were associated with a higher prevalence of worsening. Scaling and cleaning services were associated with improvement in oral health (PR = 1.5, 1.01–2.3), while endodontic services were inversely associated with improvement (PR = 0.3, 0.1–0.9). Worsening in oral health was associated with extractions and dentures and was inversely associated with visiting and preventive care. Improvement in oral health was associated with preventive care and was inversely associated with endodontic treatment.     

Reliability and validity testing for the Child Oral Health Impact Profile‐Reduced (COHIP‐SF 19)

Objectives: This study assessed the reliability and validity of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile–Short Form 19 (COHIP‐SF 19) from the validated 34‐item COHIP. Methods: Participants included 205 pediatric, 107 orthodontic, and 863 patients with craniofacial anomalies (CFAs). Item level evaluations included examining content overlap, distributional properties, and use of the response set. Confirmatory factor analysis identified potential items for deletion. Scale reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha. Discriminant validity of the COHIP‐SF 19 was evaluated as follows: among pediatric participants, scores were compared with varying amounts of decayed and filled surfaces (DFS) and presence of caries on permanent teeth; for orthodontic patients, scores were correlated with anterior tooth spacing/crowding; and for those with CFA, scores were compared with clinicians' ratings of extent of defect (EOD) for nose and lip and/or speech hypernasality. Convergent validity was assessed by examining the partial Spearman correlation between the COHIP scores and a standard Global Health self‐rating. Comparisons between the COHIP and the COHIP‐SF 19 were completed across samples. Results: The reduced questionnaire consists of 19 items: Oral Health (five items), Functional Well‐Being (four items), and a combined subscale named Socio‐Emotional Well‐Being (10 items). Internal reliability is ≥0.82 for the three samples. Results demonstrate that the COHIP‐SF 19 discriminates within and across treatment groups by EOD and within a community‐based pediatric sample. The measure is associated with the Global Health rating (P < 0.05), thereby indicating convergent validity. Conclusions: Reliability and validity testing demonstrate that the COHIP‐SF 19 is a psychometrically sound instrument to measure oral health‐related quality of life across school‐aged pediatric populations.     

Dental caries in a cohort of very young American Indian children

Objectives: This paper reports the prevalence and severity of caries in a group of 16‐month‐old American Indian children. Methods: The study is an ongoing longitudinal study of risk factors for caries in children from a Northern Plains Tribal community. Children were examined for caries and risk factor data collected at approximately 1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 months of age. Surface‐specific caries data were collected and the presence of precavitated “white spot” lesions was recorded at the subject level. Results: The mean age was 15.4 months for the sample of 232 children. Caries prevalence was 31.9 percent, while an additional 29.3 percent had white spot lesions only. Mean dmfs was 1.57, and ranged from 0 to 44 surfaces. Nearly 3 percent of all erupted tooth surfaces were affected and maxillary central incisors had the highest prevalence of caries (22 percent). Conclusions: Among the very youngest children, dental caries prevalence was very high among these American Indian children.     

Advancing infection control in dental care settings: Factors associated with dentists' implementation of guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Background and OverviewThe authors set out to identify factors associated with implementation by U.S. dentists of four practices first recommended in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings—2003.MethodsIn 2008, the authors surveyed a stratified random sample of 6,825 U.S. dentists. The response rate was 49 percent. The authors gathered data regarding dentists' demographic and practice characteristics, attitudes toward infection control, sources of instruction regarding the guidelines and knowledge about the need to use sterile water for surgical procedures. Then they assessed the impact of those factors on the implementation of four recommendations: having an infection control coordinator, maintaining dental unit water quality, documenting percutaneous injuries and using safer medical devices, such as safer syringes and scalpels. The authors conducted bivariate analyses and proportional odds modeling.ResultsResponding dentists in 34 percent of practices had implemented none or one of the four recommendations, 40 percent had implemented two of the recommendations and 26 percent had implemented three or four of the recommendations. The likelihood of implementation was higher among dentists who acknowledged the importance of infection control, had practiced dentistry for less than 30 years, had received more continuing dental education credits in infection control, correctly identified more surgical procedures that require the use of sterile water, worked in larger practices and had at least three sources of instruction regarding the guidelines. Dentists with practices in the South Atlantic, Middle Atlantic or East South Central U.S. Census divisions were less likely to have complied.ConclusionsImplementation of the four recommendations varied among U.S. dentists. Strategies targeted at raising awareness of the importance of infection control, increasing continuing education requirements and developing multiple modes of instruction may increase implementation of current and future Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.The authors thank Jon Ruesch, who when this study was conducted was the director, Survey Center, American Dental Association, Chicago, for his effort in the collection of the data for this research project. Mr. Ruesch is now retired.