特殊职业人群对现场救护能力认知的定性研究

目的探讨特殊职业人群对现场救护的认知状况与能力需求,为特殊职业人群现场救护能力的界定提供参考依据。方法采用定性研究无结构式访谈的方法,对金华市区交警、消防员、出租车司机等3种不同职业共70名工作人员进行专题小组访谈和个人深入访谈。访谈内容包括特殊职业人群对现场救护的心理、行为表现及对救护技能的认知状况。结果3种特殊职业人群在救护现场表现出的心理、行为有差异,对现场救护能力的需求有差异。结论由于各从业人员的职业特点及现场救护知识的储备不同,造成他们现场救护的心理、行为反应不同,对救护能力的需求不同。     

A fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism study of Salmonella enterica serovar Sofia, the major Salmonella serovar isolated from chickens in Australia

Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) analysis was performed on 68 isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar Sofia (S. Sofia). Fifty eight isolates were obtained over a period of approximately 15 years from a range of human, chicken industry and environmental sources throughout Australia. A further ten isolates were identified from human and poultry sources in Israel from 1972 to 1987. Analysis of FAFLP profiles for fragments between 50 to 500 base pairs in length indicated distinct clusters of isolates. All but seven isolates clustered into four groups of >90% similarity and all isolates displayed at least 70% similarity with each other. No cluster could be attributed to a particular geographical, temporal or source-of-isolation origin. It is concluded that S. Sofia is genetically variable with certain clones persisting over time but no group appears unique to Australia.     

The Prevalence of Short Sleep Duration by Industry and Occupation in the National Health Interview Survey

Study Objectives:

To explore whether employment in industries likely to have non-standard work schedules (e.g., manufacturing and service) and occupations with long work-weeks (e.g., managerial/ professional, sales, and transportation) is associated with an increased risk of short sleep duration.

Design:

Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey.

Setting:

Household-based face-to-face survey of civilian, non-institutionalized US residents.

Participants:

Sample adults interviewed for the National Health Interview Survey in 1985 or 1990 (N = 74,734) or between 2004 and 2007 (N = 110,422). Most analyses focused on civilian employed workers interviewed between 2004 and 2007 (N = 66,099).

Interventions:

N/A

Measurements and Results:

The weighted prevalence of self-reported short sleep duration, defined as ≤6 h per day, among civilian employed workers from 2004-2007 was 29.9%. Among industry categories, the prevalence of short sleep duration was greatest for management of companies and enterprises (40.5%), followed by transportation/warehousing (37.1%) and manufacturing (34.8%). Occupational categories with the highest prevalence included production occupations in the transportation/warehousing industry, and installation, maintenance, and repair occupations in both the transportation/warehousing industry and the manufacturing industry. In the combined sample from 1985 and 1990, 24.2% of workers reported short sleep duration; the prevalence of short sleep duration was significantly lower during this earlier time period compared to 2004–2007 for 7 of 8 industrial sectors.

Conclusions:

Self-reported short sleep duration among US workers varies by industry and occupation, and has increased over the past two decades. These findings suggest the need for further exploration of the relationship between work and sleep, and development of targeted interventions for specific industry/occupation groups.

Citation:

Luckhaupt SE; Tak S; Calvert GM. The prevalence of short sleep duration by industry and occupation in the National Health Interview Survey. SLEEP 2010;33(2):149-159     

我国诺如病毒SZ9711株P粒子制备及唾液HBGAs受体亲和性分析

目的 了解SZ9711株P粒子与唾液组织血型抗原受体（HBGAs）的结合模式.方法 从诺如病毒SZ9711株基因组中克隆P区基因片段并构建pGEX-4T-1原核表达质粒,在原核细胞中表达目的 重组蛋白并纯化,经溶血酶酶切后释放目的 蛋白.用EIA方法测定SZ9711株和VA387株P粒子与唾液HBGAs的结合情况.结果 SDS-PAGE电泳分析确定重组融合蛋白的表达,经纯化和凝血酶切后获得约38×10^3的目的 蛋白P蛋白.根据EIA分析表明,SZ9711株P粒子与先前报道的VA387株P粒子与唾液HBGAs模式相同,与A、B和O^secretor有亲和力,但与O^non-secretor亲和力非常低.同时,SZ9711与A抗原的亲和力较VA387与A抗原的亲和力低.结论 本研究利用我国分离到的SZ9711株制备的P粒子进行唾液HBGAs受体结合分析,表明与同源性较高的先前报道的VA387 P粒子结合模式相似,为今后研究诺如病毒与宿主受体之间的关系奠定实验基础.     

Barriers to effective self-management in cardiac patients: The patient's experience

Objective

This paper identifies common obstacles impeding effective self-management among patients with heart disease and explores how for disadvantaged patients access barriers interfere with typical management challenges to undermine patients’ efforts to care for their illnesses.

Methods

We convened 33 focus group discussions with heart patients in 10 U.S. communities. Using content analysis, we identified and grouped the most common barriers that emerged in focus group discussions.

Results

We identified nine major themes reflecting issues related to patients’ ability to care for and manage their heart conditions. We grouped the themes into three domains of interest: (1) barriers that interfere with getting necessary services, (2) barriers that impede the monitoring and management of a heart condition on a daily basis, and (3) supports that enable self-management and improve care.

Conclusion

For disadvantaged populations, typical problems associated with self-management of a heart condition are aggravated by substantial obstacles to accessing care.

Practice implications

Ensuring disadvantaged patients with chronic heart conditions are linked to formal systems of care, such as cardiac rehabilitation programs, could better develop patients’ self-management skills, reduce barriers to receiving care and improve the overall health outcomes of these patients.     

Protective effects of Artemisia campestris extract against gastric acid reflux-induced esophageal mucosa injuries

Artemisia campestris L. has been widely used in alternative medicine to treat digestive system diseases, particularly gastroesophageal disorders. In the present investigation, we studied the putative protective effect of Artemisia campestris aqueous extract (ACAE) against gastro-esophageal reflux (GER)-induced esophagitis in rats. The experimental ophagitis was induced by the ligation of the pylorus as well as the junction between the forestomach and the corpus. We firstly found that ACAE administration at 100, 200 and 400?mg/kg, b.w., p.o. significantly protected GER-induced macroscopic and histological injuries in the esophagus tissue. Our extract also counteracted GER-induced esophagus lipoperoxidation, restored the depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as thiol groups levels. Furthermore, we showed that acute GER provoked an increase in esophagus mucosa hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), free iron and calcium levels, whereas ACAE treatment reversed all GER-induced intracellular mediators’ disturbances. In conclusion, we suggested that ACAE had potent protective effects against esophagitis due, in part, to its antioxidant properties as well as its opposite effect on some intracellular mediators.