摄入水温度对儿童胃动力的影响

目的　研究温度对小儿胃动力的影响 .方法　健康儿童 40例 ,随机分为温水组及冷水组 ,每组 2 0例 ,温水组平均年龄为 8.8岁 ,冷水组 10 .5岁 ,两组摄入水的温度分别为37～ 40℃和 4～ 6℃ ,每例饮水 30 0 m L,在 B超下观察两组不同时间点的胃运动及排空情况 .结果　 6 0 min时胃体蠕动频率以温水组 (2 .8± 0 .7)次· min- 1 快于冷水组 (1.5± 0 .5 )次· min- 1 ,但冷水组 90 %及 10 0 %胃腔排空时间明显短于温水组 ,分别为 (19.1± 3.1与 31.9± 7.1)和 (5 2 .5± 3.7与 5 9.5± 3.0 ) min.两组 10 % ,5 0 % ,90 %及 10 0 %胃窦排空时间分别为 (0 .8± 0 .8与 2 .8± 0 .3) ,(4 .5± 3.8与 17.4± 0 .4) ,(17.2± 2 .2与 41.7± 1.8)和 (4 9.2± 3.8与 5 6 .4± 3.6 ) min,冷水组均明显短于温水组 ,胃腔与胃窦残留率与上述结果完全相符 .结论　冷饮可使胃排空加速 ,频繁饮用低温饮料可能干扰胃的正常运动节律 .     

幽门螺杆菌感染与肝硬化关系的研究

目的：研究肝硬化患者的幽门螺杆菌（HP）感染状况及其对肝性脑病和上消化道出血的影响。方法：用尿素酶快速染色和瑞一姬染色确定HP的感染,分析肝硬化与十二指肠疾病患者HP感染率的差异;HP感染对肝硬化患者血氨浓度的影响;随访HP阳性与阴性肝硬化患者肝性脑病的发生率;观察肝硬化并上消化道出血与非出血患者间HP感染的差异。结果：肝硬化与胃十二指肠疾病患者HP感染无明显差异;HP感染能使肝硬化患者血氨浓度增加,从而使肝性脑病发生率增高;肝硬化并出血与非出血组HP感染无明显差异。结论：肝硬化患者的HP感染无特异性;HP感染能促使肝性脑病的发生;HP感染在肝硬化并上消化道出血中未起主要作用。     

内镜下切除胃肠道息肉及癌前病变方法的选择

目的;比较不同方法切除胃肠道息肉和癌前病变的疗效。方法：本文采用高频电和其它不同方法对胃肠道息肉和癌前病变切除和切割。结果：对小的扁平息肉用高频电灼除或热活检安全有效。一次的灼除达100％。圈套适应胃结肠有蒂息肉。对大的有蒂或分叶状息肉需分次圈套切除,圈套和烧灼或热活检结合可避免肠穿孔发生。双胃镜代替双腔治疗胃镜行粘膜切除胃内平坦和扁平隆起性非典型增生灶操作容易,病灶切除彻底。息肉切除后常于局部形成溃疡,术后应常规给予酸抑制剂和粘膜保护剂治疗。结论：内镜－高频电是切除胃肠道有蒂和无蒂息肉的有效方法,粘膜染色后,双胃镜行粘膜和术治疗胃内癌前病变切实可行。     

Evidence for the involvement of 5-HT4 receptors in the 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced pattern of migrating myoelectric complex in sheep

1. The effects induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in conscious sheep were recorded through electrodes chronically implanted and analysed by computer. The 5-HT receptors and the cholinergic neuronal pathways involved in these actions were investigated.
2. The intravenous (i.v.) administration of 5-HT (2, 4 and 8 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹, 5 min) induced an antral inhibition concomitant with a duodenal activity front that migrated to the jejunum, followed by a period of intestinal inactivity. This myoelectric pattern closely resembled that observed in the phases III and I of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) in sheep. The 0.5 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ dose evoked the same pattern in only two out of the six animals used. Likewise, the 1 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ dose similarly affected four of the six animals. In addition, a transient stimulation was observed in the antrum and jejunum when the two highest doses were used.
3. The 5-HT₁ antagonist, methiothepin (0.1 mg kg⁻¹), the 5-HT₂ antagonists, ritanserin (0.1 mg  kg⁻¹) and ketanserin (0.3 mg  kg⁻¹), the 5-HT₃ antagonists, granisetron (0.2 mg kg⁻¹) and ondansetron (0.5 mg kg⁻¹), as well as the 5-HT₄ antagonist, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GR113808","term_id":"238362519","term_text":"GR113808"}}GR113808 (0.2 mg kg⁻¹), did not modify the spontaneous gastrointestinal myoelectric activity. However, the cholinoceptor antagonists, atropine (0.2 mg kg⁻¹) and hexamethonium (2 mg kg⁻¹), inhibited gastrointestinal activity.
4. When these antagonists were injected i.v. 10 min before 5-HT (2 or 4 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹, 5 min), only {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GR113808","term_id":"238362519","term_text":"GR113808"}}GR113808, atropine and hexamethonium were able to modify the 5-HT-induced actions, all of them being completely blocked by the three antagonists.
5. Our data show that 5-HT initiates a MMC-like pattern in the gastrointestinal area in sheep through 5-HT₄ receptors. Furthermore, these actions are mediated by cholinergic neural pathways involving muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. However, our results do not indicate a role for either 5-HT₁, 5-HT₂ or 5-HT₃ receptors in the 5-HT-induced effects.

     

Nerve-induced release of nitric oxide in the rabbit gastrointestinal tract as measured by in vivo microdialysis

1. Nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested as a gastrointestinal neurotransmitter, mediating the gastric receptive relaxation and the relaxation in the peristaltic reflex. The aim of the present study was to measure nerve-induced NO formation in vivo in the gastrointestinal tract.
2. Formation of the nitric oxide oxidation products nitrite and nitrate during vagal nerve stimulation were measured in the anaesthetized rabbit. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the wall of the stomach and proximal colon, and nitrite and nitrate in dialysate measured by capillary electrophoresis.
3. During bilateral vagal nerve stimulation there was an increase in nitrite and nitrate formation at the level of the stomach and in nitrite formation at the level of the colon. This increase was inhibited by intravenous administration of the NO synthase inhibitor N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME 30 mg kg⁻¹). Furthermore, L-NAME significantly increased nerve-induced gastric and colonic contractions, as well as spontaneous colonic contractions.
4. In summary, we present a new methodological procedure for quantification of small changes in nitric oxide formation in vivo. This study provides evidence that nitric oxide is released in the stomach and colonic wall during vagal nerve activity, at concentrations able to cause inhibition of smooth muscle contractions in vivo.

     

Inhibition of gastrointestinal motility by MPTP via adrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms

The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was injected intraperitoneally in mice and caused an acute inhibition (of over 60%) of gastrointestinal motility, which was measured by the transit of charcoal. This inhibition was not related to conversion of MPTP to MPP⁺. Administration of the -adrenergic blocker propranolol significantly reduced, but did not completely block, the effect of MPTP. The dopaminergic blocker haloperidol also partly reversed the effects of MPTP. When these blockers were administered together, the action of MPTP was fully blocked. The results indicate that the toxin acted by releasing catecholamines (presumably norepinephrine and dopamine), thereby inhibiting motility.Supported by a grant from the Joint Research Fund of the Hebrew University and Hadassah.     

Effect of ileal oleate on interdigestive intestinal motility of the dog

To determine the effect of ileal oleate on fasting intestinal motility, pairs of duodenal and ileal catheters and bipolar duodenal and jejunal seromuscular electrodes were surgically implanted in six dogs. The ileum was perfused with either normal saline (154 mM NaCl) or oleic acid emulsion (152 mM), while intestinal myoelectric activity was continuously monitored. For transit studies, a bolus of [³H]PEG was injected into the duodenum, and jejunal and ileal alliquots were collected every 15 min for a 6-hr study period. Plasma samples were collected for radioimmunoassays of peptide YY and enteroglucagon. Ileal oleate infusion increased the MMC cycle length and decreased the number of MMCs (P<0.001) and the myoelectric spike-burst frequency/10 min in the duodenum (P<0.05). Both duodenal-jejunal (P<0.05) and duodenal-ileal transit (P<0.01) were delayed markedly by ileal perfusion with oleic acid emulsion as compared to control studies. Ileal oleate increased plasma levels of peptide YY (P<0.01) and enteroglucagon (P<0.01). Ileal perfusion with oleate therefore activated the so-called ileal brake, diminishing duodenal myoelectric spike bursts and slowing intestinal transit while concurrently increasing plasma levels of peptide YY and enteroglucagon.Dr. Dreznik is currently at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, at the Sackler Faculty of Medicine.An abstract of this work was presented at the Forum of Fundamental Problems at the American College of Surgeons meeting in October 1991.Supported by the V.A. Research Advisory Group, NIH Biomedical Research Support Grant.     

Brain activation associated with visual motion studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans

Localized brain activation in response to moving visual stimuli was studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Stimuli were 100 small white dots randomly arranged on a visual display. During the Motion condition, the dots moved along random, noncoherent linear trajectories at different velocities. During the Blink condition, the dots remained stationary but blinked on and off every 500 ms. The Motion and Blink conditions continuously alternated with 10 cycles per run and 6–8 runs per experiment. In half of the runs, the starting stimulus condition was Motion, while in the remaining runs it was Blink. A series of 128 gradient echo echoplanar images were acquired from 5–7 slices during each run using a 1.5 T GE Signa with an Advanced NMR echoplanar subsystem. The time series for each voxel were analyzed in the frequency domain. Voxels which demonstrated a significant spectral peak at the alternation frequency and whose phase changed in response to stimulus order were considered activated. These activated voxels were displayed upon high resolution anatomical images to determine the sites of activation and were also transformed into the coordinates of Talairach and Tournoux ([1988] Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain, New York: Thieme) for comparison to prior neuroimaging studies. Seven of ten subjects showed clusters of activation bilaterally at the junction of the temporal and occipital lobes (area 37) in response to moving stimuli. Most activated voxels were located within or adjacent to a region designated the parietal-temporal-occipital fossa, or PTOF. Five subjects also showed activation to moving stimuli in midline occipital cortex. The activated voxels in midline cortex had a significantly shorter phase delay in their MR signal change relative to voxels in PTOF. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America

     

Radiolabeling of Methylphosphonate and Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides and Evaluation of Their Transport in Everted Rat Jejunum Sacs

Purpose. The therapeutic use of antisense oligonucleotides will likely involve their administration over protracted periods of time. The oral route of drug dosing offers many advantages over other possible routes when chronic drug administration is necessary. However, little is known about the potential for oligonucleotide uptake from the gastrointestinal tract. This issue is addressed in the current work. Methods. We have developed a simple procedure for radiolabeling oligonucleotides by reductive alkylation with ¹⁴C-formaldehyde. We have utilized this approach, as well as 5 addition of fluorophores, to prepare labeled methylphosphonate and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides for use in intestinal transport studies. An everted rat gut sac model was employed to compare the transport of oligonucleotides to that of model compounds whose permeation properties are better understood. Results. We demonstrate that both methylphosphonate and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides are passively transported across the intestinal epithelium, probably by a paracellular route. The rates of transport for both types of oligonucleotides were similar, and were significantly greater than that of the very high MW polymer blue dextran, but were lower than the transport rate of valproic acid, a low MW compound known to have high oral availability. Conclusions. A significant degree of permeation of oligonucleotides across the gastrointestinal epithelium does occur, but it is still unclear whether this is sufficient to permit effective oral administration of oligonucleotides as drugs.     

目前下肢被动运动装置存在的问题和改进原则

本文分析了目前下肢ＣＰＭ装置存在的问题,指出在ＣＰＭ每一运动周期,人体下肢与ＣＰＭ支架之间都将产生有害的相对位移和交替牵拉应力,影响关节功能顺利康复。提出下肢ＣＰＭ的正确使用方法和设计原则。