OSCC中ER-α、RAR-β、MGMT。及P16INK4a基因启动子甲基化的临床研究

目的：探讨肿瘤相关基因ER-α、RAR-β、MGMT及P16INK4a启动子在口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）组织中的甲基化状态。方法：20例病理确诊为OSCC的组织切片,经酶消化法提取组织DNA后双硫法检测ER-αL、RAR-β、MGMT及P16INK4a基因启动子的甲基化状态,比较分析4种基因启动子甲基化状态和临床病理参数的相关性。结果：20例中,P16INK4a、MGMT启动子甲基化发生率均为10％,RAR-B启动子甲基化发生率为40％,ER-d启动子甲基化发生率为55％,两株OSCC细胞系中,ER-α、RAR-β启动子均出现甲基化,而MGMT及P16INK4a启动子均未见甲基化。结论：RAR-β、ER-α基因启动子的甲基化较P16INK4a、MGMT＇g更为常见,提示前两者可能在OSCC的发生中具有更重要的作用。     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌

目的：探讨后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路上皮癌的临床效果。方法：上尿路上皮癌患者68例,男23例,女45例,平均年龄63（43-78）岁。肾盂癌55例,输尿管上段肿瘤4例,输尿管下段肿瘤9例。其中输尿管下段肿瘤合并膀胱肿瘤1例。经尿道膀胱镜患侧输尿管逆行插入输尿管导管引流肾盂尿,用电切镜针状电极距输尿管口周围约0．5cm环形切透膀胱壁,分离出输尿管开口及膀胱壁内段。拔除输尿管导管,电凝输尿管开口,使开口封闭,减少肿瘤细胞种植机会。采用腰部3个穿刺套管针人路,行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除,输尿管尽量向下游离,如果是肾盂癌或输尿管上段肿瘤,用腹腔镜分离钳可以将下段输尿管提拉出来,扩大套管切口,将肾输尿管全长完整取出,避免了下腹部开放切口;如果是下段输尿管肿瘤,则需下腹部行5-7cm切口,先取出。肾标本,再行输尿管下段切除术。结果：68例手术顺利。手术时间平均120（90-240）min,术中出血量平均60（40-500）ml,1例需输血。术后引流管留置时间平均4（3-7）d,导尿管留置时间平均8（7-15）d。拔除尿管后均行B超检查无膀胱漏尿。术后病理报告均为尿路上皮癌。65例患者获随访平均18（3-38）个月。58例患者无瘤生存,3例死于心脑血管及肺部疾病。4例术后患膀胱肿瘤而行电切治疗。结论：后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌,手术安全易行,用电切镜环状切除输尿管开口及膀胱壁内段可完整切除输尿管,对输尿管开口进行电凝封闭可减少肿瘤细胞种植。对肾盂癌及上段输尿管肿瘤患者可避免行下腹部开放切口的输尿管下段切除术,有效减少创伤,疗效可靠,无肿瘤种植转移。     

Intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws—A clinicopathologic review. Part I: Metastatic and salivary‐type carcinomas

This is the first part of a 3‐part comprehensive review of intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws. We have outlined 4 groups of intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws (metastatic, salivary‐type, odontogenic, and primary intraosseous carcinoma), emphasizing the need for accurate diagnosis and the problems associated with changing classification systems, standardization of diagnostic criteria and nomenclature, and the accuracy of existing literature. In this first part, the features of metastatic and the very rare salivary‐type carcinomas of the jaws are examined with particular emphasis on histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics, diagnostic difficulties, and uncertainties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012     

Survey of the use of tests for human papilloma virus and epidermal growth factor receptor for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in UK head and neck multidisciplinary teams

Human papilloma virus (HPV), usually type 16, has emerged as an aetiological and prognostic marker of oropharyngeal carcinomas, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been associated with poor prognosis in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck. This makes the identification of cancers associated with these biomarkers important in the management of patients. We surveyed UK head and neck multidisciplinary teams by email using an online form to assess the use of biomarker testing. Overall 33 cancer networks were contacted and 28 (85%) responded. HPV tests were used in departments by 22 (79%) of our respondents, while only 3 (11%) used EGFR tests. The commonest reasons for not using them were lack of availability and lack of clinical indication.     

MRI 对乳腺 X 线摄影中“局灶性不对称”征象的诊断价值

目的：探讨M RI对X线摄影中乳腺“局灶性不对称”（FAB ）征象的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的46例FAB的M RI形态学特点及动态增强时间‐信号强度曲线（T IC ）的类型。结果在FAB相应区域,M RI检出46例病灶,病理证实良性病变35例,恶性病变11例。其中外形分叶及边缘毛刺的准确度、阳性预测值以及阴性预测值分别为82．61％、66．67％、86．49％和86．96％、85．71％、87．18％。T IC显示：Ⅰ型17例,均为良性;Ⅱ型6例,其中良性4例,恶性2例;Ⅲ型9例,均为恶性。M RI对其良恶性诊断的准确度为86．96％,阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为81．82％与96．88％。结论 M RI能够准确判断FAB中是否存在潜在病灶,并能较准确地判断其良恶性。     

Endometrial carcinoma recurring as carcinosarcoma: report of two cases

Endometrial carcinosarcoma is a rare, aggressive disease, accounting for approximately 3% of all uterine neoplasms. The emergence of sarcomatous elements is considered the evolution of subclones arising from high grade endometrial carcinomas. Here, we report two cases of primary endometrial carcinomas recurring as carcinosarcoma. Case 1. a 58-year-old postmenopausal woman diagnosed to have a poorly differentiated endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma (FIGO stage IB) developed an intra-abdominal recurrence of disease after 17 months from diagnosis. Histopathological analysis documented a biphasic neoplasia consisting of an epithelial (grade 3 endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma) and a sarcomatous component. Salvage chemotherapy with cisplatin, ifosfamide, epirubicin, and then with taxotere was attempted. The patient died after 2 months. Case 2. A 56-year-old woman with a diagnosis of grade 3 endometrial adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium (FIGO stage IIIA) experienced pelvic recurrence after five months from completion of chemotherapy. Definitive histology was malignant mixed mesodermal tumor with focal areas of chondrosarcomatous elements. The patient was triaged to exclusive concomitant chemoradiotherapy and salvage chemotherapy. The patient died after 3 months. We describe two cases of high grade endometrial carcinomas recurring as carcinosarcoma, thus providing evidence that the metaplastic sarcomatous evolution is a very rare event which can occur in patients with anaplastic endometrial cancer.     

自发性甲状腺皱缩结节与甲状腺乳头状癌的超声鉴别诊断研究

目的探究自发性甲状腺皱缩结节常规超声和超声造影检查下(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)的表现特点,并与甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinomas,PTC)进行鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析2019年2月至2020年1月于南昌大学第一附属医院就诊且经细针穿刺(fine-needle aspiration,FNA)细胞学或术后病理证实的39例自发性甲状腺皱缩结节患者(46个结节,即皱缩结节组),其中男12例,女27例,年龄25~76 岁,以及同时期经术后病理确诊的PTC患者中随机选取32例(36个癌灶,即PTC组),其中男8例,女24例,年龄23~68 岁。比较2组病变的大小、形状、边界、回声、钙化、血流信号等常规超声表现,其中28个皱缩结节及30个PTC在FNA或术前行CEUS检查,分析比较2组在增强模式下的表现。采用两独立样本t检验、χ2检验或Fisher精确检验比较2组的超声表现,差异有统计学意义者行二元Logistic回归检验是否为独立预测风险因素。结果单变量分析示皱缩结节组与PTC组相比,更常表现纵横比<1、边界清晰、极低回声以及无或点线状增强方式,差异有统计学意义(纵横比<1者∶36比17,χ2 =8.511;边界清晰:30比15,χ2 =4.523;极低回声:27比9,χ2=9.310;无或点线状增强方式:24比3,χ2 =33.369;P值均<0.05),多变量Logistic回归分析示结节纵横比<1、边界清晰及极低回声为皱缩结节的独立风险预测因子(OR值分别为5.204、3.134和5.042,P值分别为0.003、0.031和0.003)。其中15个皱缩结节从良性表现至首次可疑恶性的时间跨度为(18.6±10.5)个月,初始最大长径缩小(24.3±11.4)mm。结论皱缩结节相较于PTC超声检查中更常表现为纵横比<1、边界清晰、极低回声和无或点线状增强方式。结合随访过程中患者历史超声检查有助于诊断。