上气道测压和螺旋CT联合定位不同程度OSAHS阻塞平面的临床研究

目的研究睡眠监测阻塞定位仪（Apneagraphym,AG200）联合螺旋CT在评估不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者上气道阻塞平面中的临床应用价值。方法采用睡眠监测阻塞定位仪对经PSG确诊的22例中度和18例重度OSAHS患者进行整夜睡眠呼吸监测,应用多层螺旋CT测量软腭后区、舌后区平面的横截面积。对比联合应用AG200和螺旋CT定位诊断不同程度OSAHS阻塞平面的价值。结果 AG200和螺旋CT检查均能很好地判断OSAHS患者上气道阻塞平面。对于中、重度OSAHS患者阻塞平面的判断两者之间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 AG200和螺旋CT检查对OSAHS患者上气道阻塞均具有诊断意义,联合应用两种检查手段可以明确提高OSAHS患者,尤其对重度患者的诊断阳性率,为临床提供更可靠的治疗依据。     

Esophageal dysmotility: characterization and pathophysiology

Esophageal dysmotility is a considerable long‐term issue in patients born with esophageal atresia (EA). To better characterize it, the normal esophageal motility is briefly reviewed with emphasis on the specific defects in EA. Multiple studies attempted to describe the dysmotility seen in patients with operated EA using esophageal manometry. Recently, high‐resolution manometry has improved our understanding of normal esophageal motility. Using this new technology, it is now possible to better characterize the esophageal motility of patients operated on for EA. Three different patterns are described and presented: aperistalsis, pressurization, and distal peristalsis. Up to now, it has not been possible to find a correlation between the dysmotility severity and the patient's symptomatology. Different pathophysiological hypotheses of esophageal dysmotility in that population are discussed. Developmental neuronal defects are certainly present from the beginning. Surgical trauma can also contribute to the dysmotility. Finally, defective esophageal acid clearance capacity is a cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease, but the resultant esophagitis can also impair the normal esophageal function. The evolution of esophageal dysmotility in patients with repaired EA is not known and further studies will be necessary to clarify it.     

Esophageal solid bolus transit: studies using combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and manometry in healthy volunteers

The purpose of this study is to apply combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and esophageal manometry (MII‐EM) to test esophageal function during solid swallowing in a normal healthy population. We determined whether combined MII‐EM with solid bolus is more sensitive than that with viscous bolus in the detection of motility abnormality. Eighteen healthy volunteers (11 men and 7 women; mean age 22 years, range 20–26 years) underwent combined MII‐EM with a catheter containing four impedance‐measuring segments and five solid‐state pressure transducers. Each subject received 10 viscous and 10 solid materials. Tracings were analyzed manually for bolus presence time, total bolus transit time, contraction amplitude, duration, and onset velocity. Three hundred and sixty swallows including viscous and solid materials were analyzed. Contraction amplitude for the viscous swallows was higher at 20 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (P= 0.049) but lower at 15 cm above the LES (P < 0.001). Duration of contractions for the solid swallows was longer at 15 cm (P= 0.002) and 10 cm above the LES (P= 0.011) compared with viscous swallows. The total bolus transit time for solid was significantly shorter than that for viscous boluses (6.8 vs. 7.7 seconds, P < 0.001). Bolus presence time appeared to be similar between viscous and solid boluses (except in the proximal esophagus). The percentage of swallows with ineffective peristalsis by manometry, as well as those with incomplete bolus transit by impedance, did not differ between viscous and solid swallows. The proportion of manometrically ineffective solid swallows with incomplete bolus transit was greater than that of viscous swallows (62.1% vs. 34.8%, P= 0.05). Application of solid boluses may potentially enhance diagnostic capability of esophageal function testing. Solid boluses can be regarded as a valuable complement to viscous boluses in the detection of esophageal motility abnormalities when applied with combined MII‐EM.     

Diagnosis of Type‐I hiatal hernia: a comparison of high‐resolution manometry and endoscopy

Sliding Type‐I hiatal hernia is commonly diagnosed using upper endoscopy, barium swallow or less commonly, esophageal manometry. Current data suggest that endoscopy is superior to barium swallow or esophageal manometry. Recently, high‐resolution manometry has become available for the assessment of esophageal motility. This novel technology is capable of displaying spatial and topographic pressure profiles of gastroesophageal junction and crural diaphragm in real time. The objective of the current study was to compare the specificity and sensitivity of high‐resolution manometry and endoscopy in the diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Data were analyzed retrospectively for 83 consecutive patients (61% females, mean age 52 ± 13.2 years) with objective gastroesophageal reflux disease who were considered for laparoscopic antireflux surgery between January 2006 and January 2009 and had preoperative high‐resolution manometry and endoscopy. Manometrically, hiatal hernia was defined as separation of the gastroesophageal junction >2.0 cm from the crural diaphragm. Intraoperative diagnosis of hiatal hernia was used as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios of a positive test and a negative test were used to compare the performance of the two diagnostic modalities. Forty‐two patients were found to have a Type‐I sliding hiatal hernia (>2 cm) during surgery. Twenty‐two patients had manometric criteria for a hiatal hernia by high‐resolution manometry, and 36 patients were described as having a hiatal hernia by preoperative endoscopy. False positive results were significantly fewer (higher specificity) with high‐resolution manometry as compared with endoscopy (4.88% vs. 31.71%, P= 0.01). There were no significant differences in the false negative results (sensitivity) between the two diagnostic modalities (47.62% vs. 45.24%, P= 0.62). Analysis of likelihood ratios of a positive and negative test demonstrated that high‐resolution manometry is better than endoscopy both to rule out and rule in a hiatal hernia. A significant discordance was also observed between the two tests (P= 0.033). High‐resolution manometry has better specificity and ability to rule out an overt Type‐I sliding hiatal hernia (greater likelihood ratio of a positive test) in patients with GERD. Because of high false negative results, both high‐resolution manometry and endoscopy are unreliable for ruling in a hiatal hernia. Negative result for a hiatal hernia by either modality mandates additional testing.     

Evaluation of artificial neural networks in the classification of primary oesophageal dysmotility

The trends in and value and consequences of radiologic imaging in 1128 patients with perforated gastroduodenal ulcer have been studied over the 50-year period 1935–1985. The proportion of patients undergoing plain X-ray studies increased from 4% in the first 5-year period (1935–1939) to 94% in the last (1980–1985). Pneumoperitoneum was found in 77% of those undergoing X-ray studies. Water-soluble contrast studies were introduced in 1960, and in the three 5-year periods 1970–1985 from 8% to 13% underwent such imaging. Leakage was demonstrated in 60% of those undergoing contrast studies. Contrast studies have had a limited role in the pretreatment evaluation of these patients. The frequency of pneumoperitoneum was fairly constant over the 50-year period, and the only patient characteristic that influenced the occurrence of free gas in the abdominal cavity was age, with a higher proportion of patients with pneumoperitoneum in old patients. Any radiologic study increased treatment delay by at least 2 h.     

老年胃食管反流病患者高分辨率食管测压压力特点分析

目的探讨老年胃食管反流病患者高分辨率（HRM）测压压力特点。方法2011年6月至2012年9月对反酸、烧心伴胸骨后不适等症状的老年患者行HRM检测,分析其食管动力特点。结果老年反流性食管炎（RE）组的下食管括约肌（LES）总长度、腹腔内LES长度、LES平均静息压分别为（2．50±0．62）cm、（1．90±0．19）cm和（21．48±8．48）mmHg,低于老年非糜烂性反流病（NERD）组的（3．33±0．43）cm、（2．50±0．46）cm和（24．83±O．64）mmHg（P〈0．05）。结论老年RE患者存在明显的抗反流机制障碍,在其发病机制中可能发挥重要作用。而老年NERD患者的食管运动功能失调不明显,推测其他机制可能参与了其发病过程。     

Does age or sex affect pharyngeal swallowing?

The influence of age and gender on the pharyngeal pressure wave during swallowing was investigated in 73 healthy volunteers using a four-sensor manometry probe. The distal sensor was placed within the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) and three proximal sensors were located in the pharynx 2, 4 and 6 cm above the UOS. Twenty-nine variables describing the amplitude and timing of the swallow waveforms for a 5 ml water bolus were recorded from the pharynx and the UOS. Analysis of the results indicated that ageing was associated with slowing of the swallow response in the pharynx, impaired opening of the UOS and a marked reduction in resting UOS tone.     

重建内外括约肌原位肛门再造术治疗低位直肠癌110例

目的　观察一种新的重建内外括约肌原位肛门再造术治疗低位直肠癌的临床效果。方法　 110例低位直肠癌患者接受重建内外括约肌原位肛门再造术。原位肛门再造采用结肠折叠重建内括约肌 ,耻骨直肠肌两断端交叉缝合重建外括约肌。结果　 110例行此手术。 1例术后死亡 (死于冠心病 ) ,3例术后再次手术改为腹壁造瘘术 ,10 6例完全成功。根据席式再造肛门术后节便功能评定四分法评定节便功能 ,优 6 9例 ,良 2 5例 ,一般 12例。结论　采用Mile′s根治术后 ,重建内外括约肌 1期原位肛门再造术 ,是治疗低位直肠癌较为理想、符合生理的术式 ,患者乐于接受 ,值得大力推广     

High-resolution solid-state manometry of the antropyloroduodenal region

Manometric recording from the pyloric channel is challenging and is usually performed with a sleeve device. Recently, a solid-state manometry system was developed, which incorporates 36 circumferential pressure sensors spaced at 1-cm intervals. Our aim was to use this system to determine whether it provided useful manometric measurements of the pyloric region. We recruited 10 healthy subjects (7 males:3 females). The catheter (ManoScan(360)) was introduced transnasally and, in the final position, 15-20 sensors were in the stomach and the remainder distributed across the pylorus and duodenum. Patients were recorded fasting and then given a meal and recorded postprandially. Using pressure data and isocontour plots, the pylorus was identified in all subjects. Mean pyloric width was 2.1 +/- 0.1 cm (95% CI: 1.40-2.40). Basal pyloric pressure during phase I was 9.4 +/- 1.1 mmHg, while basal antral pressure was significantly lower (P = 0.003; 95% CI: 2.4-8.4). Pyloric pressure was always elevated relative to antral pressure in phase I. For phases II and III, pyloric pressure was 7.7 +/- 2.3 mmHg and 9.4 +/- 1.1 mmHg, respectively. Pyloric pressure increased similarly after both the liquid and solid meal. In addition, isolated pressure events and waves, which involve the pylorus, were readily identified.