不可切除胃癌转化治疗的研究进展

胃癌在全国范围内是发病率最高的恶性肿瘤之一，在癌症相关死亡原因中排名第三。目前外科手术仍然是胃癌获得根治性治疗的主要手段，但是其中有30%~40%的进展期胃癌患者在初诊时就失去了根治手术的机会，因此不可切除胃癌转化为可切除胃癌是患者获得"治愈"的最佳选择。随着近些年来新型药物的出现、治疗手段的多样化及多学科诊治模式的发展，"转化治疗"的理念应运而生，从而延长患者生存时间并提高其生活质量。本文就不可切除胃癌的治疗现状与进展、"转化治疗"的应用等进行综述。     

Cellular immunotherapy in breast cancer: The quest for consistent biomarkers

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide, with a relatively high proportion of patients experiencing resistance to standard treatments. Cellular immunotherapy (CI), which is based on the extraction, modification, and re-infusion of the patient’s immune cells, is showing promising results in these patients. Among CI possible approaches, adoptive cell therapy (ACT) and dendritic cell (DC) vaccination are the most comprehensively explored in both primary/translational research studies and clinical trials. ACT may include the use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), T cell receptor (TCR)-, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T-cells. There are indications suggesting that a biomarker-based approach might be beneficial in effectively selecting breast cancer patients for CI. Here, we sought to provide the current knowledge of CI in breast cancer, focusing on candidate biomarkers, ongoing clinical trials, limitations, and immediate future perspectives.     

Epithelial ovarian cancer risk: A review of the current genetic landscape

Ovarian cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in women in the developed world, and one of the most heritable cancers. One of the most significant risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. Combined risk factors can be used in models to stratify risk of EOC, and aid in decisions regarding risk-reduction strategies. Germline pathogenic variants in EOC susceptibility genes including those involved in homologous recombination and mismatch repair pathways are present in approximately 22% to 25% of EOC. These genes are associated with an estimated lifetime risk of EOC of 13% to 60% for BRCA1 variants and 10% to 25% for BRCA2 variants, with lower risks associated with remaining genes. Genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) thought to explain an additional 6.4% of the familial risk of ovarian cancer, with 34 susceptibility loci identified to date. However, an unknown proportion of the genetic component of EOC risk remains unexplained. This review comprises an overview of individual genes and SNPs suspected to contribute to risk of EOC, and discusses use of a polygenic risk score to predict individual cancer risk more accurately.     

探究培美曲塞与多西他赛在晚期非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗失败后挽救化疗中的临床疗效

目的 研究培美曲塞与多西他赛在晚期非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗失败后挽救化疗中的应用效果。方法 筛选2018 年1 月～2020 年1 月本院的60 例晚期非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗失败后挽救化疗的患者作为研究对象，依据患者选择的药物种类分为观察组和对照组，每组各30 例，对照组采用多西他赛治疗，观察组予以培美曲塞治疗，对比分析两组的近期治疗效果、生存质量评分和毒副反应发生情况。结果 观察组病症控制率为66.67%，对照组病症控制率为36.67%，观察组病症控制效果更好；观察组生存质量评分为（65.2±3.4）分，对照组生存质量评分为（51.7±4.6）分，两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=12.926，P=0.000）；观察组各项毒副反应发生率均低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 在晚期非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗失败后进行挽救化疗中选用培美曲塞有更好的治疗效果，可以较好的进行临床治疗，改善患者的生活质量，且产生的毒副反应较少，在实际临床中的应用价值较高。     

Parathyroid cancer: An update

Parathyroid cancer (PC) is a rare malignant tumor which comprises 0.5–5% of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Most of these cancers are sporadic, although it may also occur as a feature of various genetic syndromes including hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT) and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 1 and 2A. Although PC is characterized by high levels of serum ionized calcium (Ca) and parathyroid hormone (PTH), the challenge to the clinician is to distinguish PC from the far more common entities of parathyroid adenoma (PA) or hyperplasia, as there are no specific clinical, biochemical, or radiological characteristic of PC. Complete surgical resection is the only known curative treatment for PC with the surgical approach during initial surgery strongly influencing the outcome. In order to avoid local recurrence, the lesion must be removed en-bloc with clear margins. PC has high recurrence rates of up to 50% but with favorable long-term survival rates (10-year overall survival of 60–70%) due to its slow-growing nature. Most patients die not from tumor burden directly but from uncontrolled severe hypercalcemia. In this article we have updated the information on PC by reviewing the literature over the past 10 years and summarizing the findings of the largest series published in this period.     

HER2-positive advanced breast cancer treatment in 2020

HER2-positive breast cancer is an aggressive subtype identified in the 1980s. The development of therapies targeting the HER2 has improved outcomes. The current standard of care, established in 2012 is dual blockade with trastuzumab + pertuzumab as first-line followed by TDM-1 as second-line. Several suboptimal choices are available in third-line or more. In 2019 the presentation of several trials evaluating new drugs and regimens in third-line has re-opened questions about sequencing, treatment of triple positive disease and treatment choice after exposure to TDM-1. These include tucatinib, neratinib and trastuzumab-deruxtecan. Other agents – including other antibody drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies as well as combinations - will lead to further changes in coming years. Additionally, should the numerous putative biomarkers thus identified ever come into use at the clinic, choice of treatment and response evaluation may be substantially changed.