多层放射性铬胶片剂量验证系统的研制

目的：采用放射性铬胶片（RCF）快速准确地验证调强放射治疗（IMRT）形成的复杂剂量分布,研制多层RCF剂量验证系统。方法：以RCF为载体,利用测量模体、RCF、胶片扫描仪及验证软件的剂量验证系统实施测量及分析;模体模拟人体外形,包含多种专用模块,软件包含二维、三维无标记点配准及验证分析功能。结果：模体凸凹槽结构结合软件无标记点自动定位功能,可快速完成胶片的固定及其与计划数据的配准以及RCF的免冲洗自动显影,减少了调强放射治疗测量和分析的不确定因素,减少物理师工作量。患者调强验证以剂量偏差3%和3 mm距离偏差为控制标准,6个临床病例的伽马分析通过率均＞90%。结论：多层RCF剂量验证系统是调强适形放射治疗剂量验证和常规质量保证的多用途工具,具有方便、准确、真实、海量信息及多用途等特点,可用于对直线加速器、伽玛刀、射波刀、后装机及粒子植入等放射治疗设备质量验证和调强治疗患者剂量的二维、三维验证。     

3M透明敷料贴用于经股动脉穿刺全脑血管造影术的效果观察

目的探讨3M透明敷料贴用于预防经股动脉穿刺全脑血管造影术患者穿刺并发症的效果。方法回顾性分析200例经股动脉穿刺全脑血管造影术患者的临床资料。其中对照组为2012年2月至2013年2月未使用透明敷料贴患者80例,观察组为2013年3月至2014年2月使用3M^TMTegaderm^TM透明敷料贴固定动脉鞘患者120例。分析患者出现动脉鞘管折断、造影管折断、股动脉痉挛、穿刺处淤斑以及皮下血肿等并发症情况,评估使用3M透明敷料贴固定动脉鞘的可行性及有效性。结果观察组动脉鞘管折断、造影管折断、股动脉痉挛、穿刺处淤斑以及皮下血肿总并发症发生率明显低于对照组[5．8％（7／120）比26．2％（21／80）],差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论3M透明敷料贴价格低廉,安全性好,应用于固定股动脉穿刺鞘管可以有效减少股动脉穿刺相关并发症的发生,且操作方法简单,值得广泛推广使用。     

Development of Solid Dispersion by Hot Melt Extrusion Using Mixtures of Polyoxylglycerides With Polymers as Carriers for Increasing Dissolution Rate of a Poorly Soluble Drug Model

Various polyoxylglycerides have been researched extensively in the development of solid dispersions (SDs) for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, because of their low melting points (40°C-60°C), SDs produced are usually soft and semisolid. The objective of present study was to prepare SDs of a Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II drug, carvedilol, in mixtures of stearoyl polyoxylglycerides (Acconon^® C-50; m.p. ～50°C) with polymers by hot melt extrusion to obtain free-flowing powder upon grinding. Miscibility of carvedilol with Kollidon^® VA64, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, and Klucel^? EXF was first evaluated by film casting, and Kollidon^® VA64 was selected for further study. SDs containing 5%-20% carvedilol, 0%-20% Acconon^® C-50, and the remaining Kollidon^® VA64 were prepared for hot melt extrusion. SDs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction analysis, and dissolution tests were conducted in 250 mL of pH 6.8 phosphate buffer by filling powders in capsules. Carvedilol was miscible with all polymers tested up to 50% and remained amorphous in SDs. The drug release from formulations containing 20% carvedilol and 0, 5%, 10%, and 20% Acconon^® C-50 were 30%, 30%, 70%, and 90%, respectively, in 60 min. SDs containing carvedilol and Acconon^® C-50, up to 20% each, as well as Kollidon^® VA64, were physically stable after 3 months of storage at 25°C/60% relative humidity.     

Artificial selection for structural color on butterfly wings and comparison with natural evolution

Brilliant animal colors often are produced from light interacting with intricate nano-morphologies present in biological materials such as butterfly wing scales. Surveys across widely divergent butterfly species have identified multiple mechanisms of structural color production; however, little is known about how these colors evolved. Here, we examine how closely related species and populations of Bicyclus butterflies have evolved violet structural color from brown-pigmented ancestors with UV structural color. We used artificial selection on a laboratory model butterfly, B. anynana, to evolve violet scales from UV brown scales and compared the mechanism of violet color production with that of two other Bicyclus species, Bicyclus sambulos and Bicyclus medontias, which have evolved violet/blue scales independently via natural selection. The UV reflectance peak of B. anynana brown scales shifted to violet over six generations of artificial selection (i.e., in less than 1 y) as the result of an increase in the thickness of the lower lamina in ground scales. Similar scale structures and the same mechanism for producing violet/blue structural colors were found in the other Bicyclus species. This work shows that populations harbor large amounts of standing genetic variation that can lead to rapid evolution of scales’ structural color via slight modifications to the scales’ physical dimensions.Organisms produce colors in two basic ways: by synthesizing pigments that selectively absorb light of certain spectral bands so that only light outside the absorption bands is backscattered (chemical color) or by developing nanomorphologies that enhance the reflection of light of certain wavelengths by interference (physical color or structural color). Structural colors play major roles in natural and sexual selection in many species (1) and have a broad range of applications in color display, paint, cosmetics, and textile industries (2). Structural color surveys across widely divergent species have revealed a large diversity of color-producing mechanisms (3–9). However, there has been a lack of systematic study and comparison of how different colors from closely related species or within populations of a single species evolve, even though these colors can vary dramatically. By examining how these species/populations evolve different colors, it is possible to identify the minimal amount of morphological change that results in significant color variation. Furthermore, this research may serve as an inspiration for future application of similar evolutionary principles to the design of photonic devices for color tuning, light trapping, or beam steering (2, 10–20). From an evolutionary biology point of view, we are curious to examine how structural colors respond to selection pressure and whether there is sufficient standing genetic variation in natural populations to allow the rapid evolution of novel colors. Here we focus on determining the morphological changes and the physical mechanisms that cause the evolution of violet structural color in populations of a single species and also across different species within a single genus of butterflies.We focus on the genus Bicyclus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), composed of more than 80 species that predominantly exhibit brown color along with marginal eyespots. Some Bicyclus species, however, have independently evolved transverse bands of bright violet/blue structural color on the dorsal surface of the forewings (black asterisks in Fig. 1A) (21, 22). One species, Bicyclus anynana, has become a model species amenable to laboratory rearing, and multiple aspects of its marginal eyespots (size, relative width of the color rings, shape) have been altered by artificial selection (23–27). However, change of color (hue), either pigmentary or structural, via artificial selection has not been reported. B. anynana does not exhibit bright violet coloration on its wings and therefore provides an excellent opportunity for investigating whether there is genetic potential to produce violet color upon directed selection. We investigated this potential by performing an artificial selection experiment in B. anynana that targeted the color of the specific dorsal wing region that evolved violet/blue coloration in other members of the genus (Fig. 1 B–G).Open in a separate windowFig. 1.Structural color in Bicyclus butterflies and basic wing scale morphology. (A) A phylogenetic estimate of Bicyclus butterfly relationships (modified from ref. 41) illustrating the evolution of color in the genus. The black asterisks mark two clades that evolved violet/blue color independently, represented here by B. sambulos and B. medontias. (B–D) Dorsal wing images of B. sambulos, B. anynana (the region used for artificial selection is marked by white asterisk), and B. medontias. (E–G) Graphs of reflectance spectra of the blue/violet wing band showing reflectance peaks in the 400–450 nm range and in the brown-colored homologous region in B. anynana with a UV reflectance peak centered at 300 nm (colored arrows). (H) 3D illustration of the wing and scales in the selected wing area of B. anynana. (I) Magnified view of the ripped region in H showing how cover (c; brown) and ground (g; green) scales are attached to the wing membrane (m, pink) and alternate along rows. Scales on the other (ventral) side of the wing membrane are visible also. (J) Cross-sectional view of a single scale showing the trabeculae (T) connecting the lower lamina (LL) to the upper lamina that includes ridges (R), microribs (Mr), and crossribs (Cr). Windows (W) are the spaces between the ridges and crossribs. Cover and ground scales have the same basic morphology. [llustrations in H–J courtesy of Katerina Evangelou (Central Saint Martin’s College, London).]B. anynana, like other butterflies, has two types of scales, cover and ground, which alternate within a row with cover scales partially covering the ground scales and the point where both scales attach to the wing membrane (Fig. 1 H and I and Fig. S1) (28). Both cover and ground scales contain a lower lamina with a continuous smooth surface below a region composed of longitudinal ridges and crossribs, collectively referred to as the “upper lamina” and connected to the lower lamina via pillars called “trabeculae” (Fig. 1J and Fig. S1) (6). Previous studies on butterflies showed that structural color can be produced by interference with light reflected from the overlapping lamella that build the longitudinal ridges, from microribs protruding from the sides of the longitudinal ridges, or from the lower lamina, which can vary in thickness and patterning (Fig. 1J) (29, 30). However, it is not clear how the violet/blue color is produced in members of the two Bicyclus clades that separately evolved this color, whether B. anynana can be made to evolve the same violet/blue color via artificial selection, and whether it will generate the color in the same way as the other species. To answer these questions, we conducted detailed optical characterization and structural analysis of butterfly wing scales from three separate species and artificially evolved populations of Bicyclus to illustrate how color is generated and how it has evolved.     

不同秸秆还田量对旱地全膜双垄沟播土壤水分及玉米生长的影响

在通渭半干旱区通过试验研究了不同秸秆还田量对全膜双垄沟播玉米生长形状、土壤水分状况及产量的影响。试验设计了3个还田量梯度,即玉米秸秆按6 000 kg·hm^-2（低量还田处理）、9 000 kg·hm^-2（中量还田处理）、12 000 kg·hm^-2（高量还田处理）整秆还田,不还田处理作为对照。结果表明,在生育前期时,0～200 cm土壤水分呈现出还田量越高土壤含水量越高的趋势,在出苗期最为明显,高、中、低还田量处理较对照土壤含水量分别高出6.07%、1.24%、0.31%,而在抽雄期后,则表现为低量还田处理>中量还田处理>不还田处理>高量还田处理,叶面积大小表现为高量还田处理>中量还田处理>低量还田处理>不还田处理。耗水量表现为低量还田处理<中量还田处理<不还田处理<高量还田处理。产量及水分利用效率以6 000 kg·hm^-2还田量处理最高,适宜在半干旱旱作区进行推广。     

Film as an educational tool to train psychotherapists

Starting with Freud who wrote about Dostoyevsky, Michelangelo, and da Vinci, therapists have acknowledged that the humanities and arts contain great sources of insight into human nature. In this paper, I argue for the need to incorporate insights acquired by artists into the training of psychotherapists. Specifically, I present and describe a graduate-level seminar I teach that uses cinema as a tool to train mental health practitioners. Films are used to expose students to a range of universal human issues; we discuss film characters' conflicts, motivations, sources of suffering, and attempts to cope. Further efforts should be devoted to search for ways to use art to inform and enrich the practice, training, and teaching of psychotherapDirected by Robert Redford and produced in the United Statesy.     

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on the ocular surface, detailing species differences in ocular surface anatomy, physiology, tear film dynamics and tear film composition. We describe major pitfalls that tremendously limit the translational potential of traditional laboratory animals (i.e., rabbits, mice, and rats) in ophthalmic research, and highlight the benefits of integrating companion dogs with clinical analogues to human diseases into preclinical pharmacology studies. This One Health approach can help accelerate and improve the framework in which ophthalmic research is translated to the human clinic. Studies can be conducted in canine subjects with naturally occurring or noninvasively induced ocular surface disorders (e.g., dry eye disease, conjunctivitis), reviewed herein, and tear fluid can be easily retrieved from canine eyes for various bioanalytical purposes. In this review, we discuss common tear collection methods, including capillary tubes and Schirmer tear strips, and provide guidelines for tear sampling and extraction to improve the reliability of analyte quantification (drugs, proteins, others).     

The effect of delivering the chemokine SDF-1α in a matrix-bound manner on myogenesis

Several chemokines are important in muscle myogenesis and in the recruitment of muscle precursors during muscle regeneration. Among these, the SDF-1α chemokine (CXCL12) is a potent chemoattractant known to be involved in muscle repair. SDF-1α was loaded in polyelectrolyte multilayer films made of poly(l-lysine) and hyaluronan to be delivered locally to myoblast cells in a matrix-bound manner. The adsorbed amounts of SDF-1α were tuned over a large range from 100 ng/cm² to 5 μg/cm², depending on the initial concentration of SDF-1α in solution, its pH, and on the film crosslinking extent. Matrix-bound SDF-1α induced a striking increase in myoblast spreading, which was revealed when it was delivered from weakly crosslinked films. It also significantly enhanced cell migration in a dose-dependent manner, which again depended on its presentation by the biopolymeric film. The low-crosslinked film was the most efficient in boosting cell migration. Furthermore, matrix-bound SDF-1α also increased the expression of myogenic markers but the fusion index decreased in a dose-dependent manner with the adsorbed amount of SDF-1α. At high adsorbed amounts of SDF-1α, a large number of Troponin T-positive cells had only one nucleus. Overall, this work reveals the importance of the presentation mode of SDF-1α to emphasize its effect on myogenic processes. These films may be further used to provide insight into the role of SDF-1α presented by a biomaterial in physiological or pathological processes.     

MRI在小儿先天性肛门直肠畸形诊断中的应用及准确性分析

目的探讨小儿先天性肛门直肠畸形(ARM)诊断中磁共振(MRI)的应用及其准确性。方法选取2017年1月至2018年12月该院收治的60例ARM患儿为研究对象,所有患儿均进行倒立位X线片检查与MRI检查。将手术病理检查结果作为金标准。比较两种诊断方法最终的诊断结果、诊断准确率。结果 MRI诊断的高位肛门闭锁型ARM 24例、中位肛门闭锁型ARM 33例,直肠盲端均位于PC线以上,其距肛门窝的距离均≥2.1cm。倒立位X线片诊断的高位肛门闭锁型ARM 20例、中位肛门闭锁型ARM 30例,直肠盲端均于PC线基本水平,其距肛门窝的距离约为1.8cm。MRI诊断的高位肛门闭锁型ARM、中位肛门闭锁型ARM例数多于倒立位X线片检查例数,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 ARM诊断中,MRI的诊断结果准确、可靠,适宜在临床上多加推广。     

Ag Surface and Bulk Segregations in Sputtered ZrCuAlNi Metallic Glass Thin Films

We report on the formation of Ag-containing ZrCuAlNi thin film metallic glass (nano)composites by a hybrid direct-current magnetron sputtering and high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering process. The effects of Ag content, substrate temperature and substrate bias potential on the phase formation and morphology of the nanocomposites were investigated. While applying a substrate bias potential did not strongly affect the morphological evolution of the films, the Ag content dictated the size and distribution of Ag surface segregations. The films deposited at low temperatures were characterized by strong surface segregations, formed by coalescence and Ostwald ripening, while the volume of the films remained featureless. At higher deposition temperature, elongated Ag segregations were observed in the bulk and a continuous Ag layer was formed at the surface as a result of thermally enhanced surface diffusion. While microstructural observations have allowed identifying both surface and bulk segregations, an indirect method for detecting the presence of Ag segregations is proposed, by measuring the electrical resistivity of the films.