湖北省平垸行洪 移民建镇地区螺情和洲滩野粪污染动态观察

目的掌握平垸行洪、移民建镇试点区螺情及野粪污染动态变化,为同类地区血防工作提供科学依据.方法选择石首市、江夏区、团风县、黄州区平垸行洪洲垸为观察点,采用系统抽样与环境抽查相结合的方法调查螺情,同时进行野粪调查,用Excel软件对调查资料进行统计分析.结果钉螺面积:黄州叶露州上升12.71%,其余观察点维持原状;钉螺密度:江夏三角州1999～2001年呈下降趋势,但2002年大幅回升,黄州叶露洲2000年下降,2001～2002年呈上升趋势,团风罗霍州呈上下波动,石首复兴洲维持不变.各试点除石首外均有阳性钉螺分布.洲滩野粪密度为1.14～15.6份/hm2,野粪阳性率为1.35%～37.21%.结论试点区洲滩野粪污染较严重,钉螺密度似有上升趋势,近几年钉螺面积无明显变化,但易感地带面积增大.因此,应加大查灭螺力度.     

Acetylsalicylic Acid-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding Determined by a 51Cr Method on a Day-to-Day Basis

The daily gastrointestinal blood loss caused by plain and microencapsulated acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) tablets was compared. Fourteen healthy, male volunteers participated in a double-blind, cross-over study, lasting 38 days. Before drug administration a median gastrointestinal bleeding of 0.9 ml/24 h was observed. During oral intake of 1.5 g ASA twice a day for 5 days, an increased faecal blood loss was seen in all volunteers. The increase was significant for both plain and microencapsulated ASA (p < 0.01). Plain ASA tablets, however, caused a greater faecal blood loss than the microencapsulated tablets (p = 0.05), maximum median levels being 6.2 ml/24 h and 3.9 ml/24 h, respectively. An optimal design of radiochromium studies for determination of drug-induced gastrointestinal blood loss is discussed.     

蝴蝶草提取物体内抗肿瘤作用的研究

目的:观察壮药蝴蝶草提取物体内抗肿瘤作用.方法:取生长良好的小鼠移植肿瘤S180,H22细胞,在小鼠前肢腋窝皮下接种0.2 mL瘤细胞悬液,接种24 h后,随机分成5组,即蝴蝶草提取物低、中、高剂量组,荷瘤对照组,阳性对照组,每组10只,雌雄各半,蝴蝶草提取物低、中、高剂量组分别为3,6,12 g·kg-1,ig每天1次,连续给药10d,观察壮药蝴蝶草提取物对S180肉瘤小鼠和H22肝癌小鼠的抑瘤率,对荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能和造血系统的影响,以及对荷瘤小鼠生命延长率的影响.结果:与荷瘤对照组比,壮药蝴蝶草提取物对小鼠移植肿瘤S180,H22具有明显的抑制作用(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),其中高剂量的抑瘤率分别为54.42％,60.77％;能显著提高S180肉瘤小鼠和H22肝癌小鼠的生命延长率(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),与哪一组比较？其中高剂量的延长率分别为82.13％,83.10％.对荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能(脾脏指数和胸腺指数)和造血系统无明显影响.结论:壮药蝴蝶草提取物对荷瘤S180和H22小鼠肿瘤增殖有较好的抑制作用,能明显延长荷瘤小鼠的生存时间.     

粪便转铁蛋白试验在提高消化道出血检出率中的作用

目的研究粪便转铁蛋白试验（TFPT）与免疫粪隐血试验（IFOBT）互补的可行性,以提高消化道出血的检出率。方法连续性收集接受胃镜或结肠镜检查患者的粪便,其中上消化道出血性疾病27例,上消化道非出血性疾病31例;下消化道出血性疾病30例,下消化道非出血性疾病16例。分别计算IFOBT和TFPT的敏感性、特异性、阳性预示值、阴性预示值,再计算转铁蛋白试验与粪隐血试验的互补率。结果在上消化道出血性疾病中,TFPT的敏感性（8/27）显著高于IFOBT（2/27）（P〈0.05）。在下消化道出血性疾病中,TFPT的敏感性（25/30）也显著高于IFOBT（16/30）（P〈0.05）。两个试验结合互补后,将上、下消化道出血检出率分别提高到29.6%和83.3%。结论无论是上消化道出血还是下消化道出血,转铁蛋白试验的敏感性均高于免疫粪隐血试验。两个试验结合互补可明显提高消化道出血的检出效率。     

Total fluoride intake and excretion in children up to 4 years of age living in fluoridated and non‐fluoridated areas

Fractional fluoride retention is important during the early years of life when considering the risk of development of dental fluorosis. This study aimed to measure fractional fluoride retention in young children. The objectives were to investigate the relationships between fractional fluoride retention and total daily fluoride intake, age, and body mass index (BMI). Twenty‐nine healthy children, up to 4 yr of age, participated; 14 lived in a fluoridated area (0.64 μg ml^?1 of fluoride in drinking water) and 15 lived in a non‐fluoridated area (0.04 μg ml^?1 of fluoride in drinking water). The total daily fluoride intake of each child was calculated from the daily dietary fluoride intake and toothpaste ingestion (if fluoride toothpaste was used). Total daily fluoride excretion was measured by collecting voided urine and faeces over a 24‐h period, and fractional fluoride retention was calculated by dividing the amount of fluoride retained in the body (total daily fluoride intake minus total daily fluoride excretion) by the total daily fluoride intake. Nine children were excluded from data analysis because of suspected invalid samples. Mean (range) fractional fluoride retention for the remaining 20 children was 0.61 (0.06–0.98). There were no statistically significant correlations between fractional fluoride retention and either age or BMI. However, fractional fluoride retention was correlated with total daily fluoride intake: fractional fluoride retention = 1 ? exp (?C × total daily fluoride intake), where C = 28.75 (95% CI = 19.75–37.75). The wide variation in fluoride retention in young children could have important implications when recommendations for fluoride use are being considered.     

Detection of enteroviral RNA by polymerase chain reaction in faecal samples from patients with aseptic meningitis.

An assay based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of enteroviral RNA in stool samples was carried out using specimens from 74 patients with aseptic meningitis. The primer pair and probe were derived from the highly conserved 5' non-coding enterovirus genomic region. Enteroviral RNA was detected in faeces of all 36 patients in whom an enterovirus was isolated from stool. The PCR assay yielded positive results in additionally 3/6 cases where enterovirus diagnoses were obtained by virus isolation from cerebrospinal fluid and/or serological tests. Thus, the positive outcome of the PCR assay was 39 (93%) among the 42 patients with enterovirus diagnoses. Furthermore, 7/19 (37%) cases with an etiology that was not established by other means were positive in the test indicating that the PCR assay may give considerable additional etiological information in patients with aseptic meningitis. The limit of RNA detectability in the PCR assay was about 100 TCID50 when highly cytopathogenic enterovirus types (coxsackievirus type B5 and echovirus type 11) were tested. The PCR was negative in all 13 patients with non-enterovirus diagnoses except in one case with a herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Since enterovirus-specific IgM antibodies could be detected in this case a dual infection seemed probable. All the negative controls, included in the study, were PCR-negative and no contamination was encountered. This study proves the usefulness of the PCR assay for detection of enteroviral RNA in stool samples and suggests that the test may be an alternative to virus isolation for rapid enterovirus diagnosis in patients with aseptic meningitis.     

Multi‐residue enzyme immunoassays for screening for β‐agonists in faeces and feeds

Multi‐analyte screening methods for β‐agonists in faeces and feeds based on enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were developed. Commercially available EIA kits were used, and the results presented. The extraction for both matrices was performed under acid conditions. The addition of an organic solvent to the extradant, resulting in higher recoveries, was only retained for feeds as the background absorption for faeces increased substantially. Clean‐up for faecal extracts was achieved in a one‐step extraction with isobutyl alcohol. Detection limits in faeces were slightly different for the two types of kits used. They ranged from 0.8ng g^?1 for clenbuterol to 10ng g^?1 for terbutaline. In feeds, corresponding detection limits for both compounds were 5 ng g^?1 and 110 ng g^?1. Confirmation of EIA positives was established by liquid chromatography with post‐column diazotation and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In the screening of faeces over 1 year about 70% of the EIA positive samples were confirmed as positive.     

A possible role for bile acid in the control of methanogenesis and the accumulation of hydrogen gas in the human colon

Abstract This study investigated a possible role for primary bile acid in the control of methanogenesis in the human colon. Production of hydrogen and methane was measured in anaerobic faecal cultures derived from faeces of six 'non-methanogenic' and three methanogenic healthy humans. Using a sensitive technique for gas measurement, methane was detected in all faecal cultures, including those from 'non-methanogenic' humans. Bile acid inhibited methanogenesis in a dose-response fashion in the in vitro 'non-methanogenic' and methanogenic faecal cultures. Inhibition was significant at bile acid concentrations > 0.05%. Methanogenesis correlated with methanogen (methanogenic bacteria) numbers. If this inhibition occurs in vivo , then it would explain much of the epidemiology of non-methanogenesis in humans. From an analysis of net hydrogen production by the faecal cultures, it is inferred that bile acid inhibits other hydrogen-consuming bacteria in addition to methanogens. These in vitro data suggest a major role for bile acid in the accumulation of hydrogen gas in the colon. Possible links between bile acid induced accumulation of gas and irritable bowel syndrome are discussed.     

Practical implementation of faecal transplantation

Clostridium difficile infection is a leading cause of antibiotic-related and healthcare-related diarrhoea. In the past decade, faecal microbiota transplantation or transfer has attracted increasing interest as an effective treatment strategy for severe recurrent C. difficile infection, with a global success rate of >80%. However, experience with this procedure is limited by a lack of randomized trials supporting its efficacy and the lack of standardization of the procedure. This review will address the practical aspects of the protocol.     

Breath Methane Excretion and Intestinal Methanogenesis in Children and Adults in Rural Nigeria

Breath methane excretion was measured in 274 healthy subjects from 2 rural communities in northern Nigeria. Studies in 24 adults showed a normal faecal flora with no enteric pathogens. Breath methane was detected in 122 (77%) of 159 adults, 19 (40%) of 47 older children (2-6 years), and 4 (8%) of 68 young children (<2 years). Women were slightly more commonly breath methane-positive than men (82% versus 75%, respectively). Hyperventilation did not influence the specificity of the breath methane assay, although levels were circa 30% lower after deliberate hyperventilation. Methanogens were estimated by enrichment culture of faeces from 49 subjects. Of the subjects 76% had faecal methanogens estimated at ≥10²/g, 45% at ≥10⁴/g, and 16% at ≥10⁶/g. There was no significant difference in distribution of methanogenic cultures between different age or tribal groups, and there were no obvious correlations between breath methane excretion and either the faecal carriage of methanogens per se or numbers present.