Mothers’ Reports of Postpartum Pain Associated with Vaginal and Cesarean Deliveries: Results of a National Survey

ABSTRACT: Background: As cesarean rates increase worldwide, a debate has arisen over the relationship of method of delivery to maternal postpartum physical health. This study examines mothers’ reports of their postpartum experiences with pain stratified by method of delivery. Methods: Listening to Mothers II was a survey of a total of 1,573 (200 telephone and 1,373 online) mothers aged 18 to 45 years, who had a singleton, hospital birth in 2005. They were interviewed by the survey research firm, Harris Interactive, in early 2006. Online respondents were drawn from an existing Harris panel. Telephone respondents were identified through a national telephone listing of new mothers. Results were weighted to reflect a United States national birthing population. Mothers were asked if they experienced any of eight postpartum conditions and the extent and the duration of the problem. Responses were compared by method of delivery. Results: The most frequently cited postpartum difficulty was among mothers with a cesarean section, 79 percent of whom reported experiencing pain at the incision in the first 2 months after birth, with 33 percent describing it as a major problem and 18 percent reporting persistence of the pain into the sixth month postpartum. Mothers with planned cesareans without labor were as likely as those with cesareans with labor to report problems with postpartum pain. Almost half (48%) of mothers with vaginal births (68% among those with instrumental delivery, 63% with episiotomy, 43% spontaneous vaginal birth with no episiotomy) reported experiencing a painful perineum, with 2 percent reporting the pain persisting for at least 6 months. Conclusions: Substantial proportions of mothers reported problems with postpartum pain. Women experiencing a cesarean section or an assisted vaginal delivery were most likely to report that the pain persisted for an extended period. (BIRTH 35:1 March 2008)     

肝炎病毒感染的临床调查分析

目的　为进一步证实庚型肝炎病毒的感染途径 ,并探讨检测该病毒在献血员筛选工作中的意义。方法　采用 Elisa和 PCR法 ,检测 76名血液病患者、82名非血液病患者和 90名健康体检者血清中乙、丙、庚肝炎病毒标志物。结果　这 3型病毒感染标志物的阳性率 (Elisa法 )在上述 3组人中分别为 2 6 .3%、12 .2 %和 10 .0 % ,11.8%、3.7%和 2 .2 % ,以及 9.2 %、1.2 %和 1.1% ,血液病组显著高于另两组 (χ2 =32 .36 ,P<0 .0 0 5 ) ;PCR法检查结果类似 ;有受血史者高于无受血史者 ,且与受血量呈正相关。结论　庚型与乙、丙型肝炎病毒类似 ,可通过血液途径传播 ,因此对献血员采用高敏感性的筛选手段及严格控制输血指征 ,对控制可经血液传播的庚型肝炎病毒等的医院感染 ,具有重要意义     

Lifetime prevalence of specific mental disorders among people born in Iceland in 1931

The lifetime prevalence rates are presented for mental disorders in a random sample of people born in Iceland in 1931, interviewed at the age of 55-57 years. The diagnoses are made according to DSM-III, on the basis of the National Institute of Mental Health's diagnostic Interview Schedule (NIMH-DIS) used by trained lay interviewers. The most common diagnoses were alcohol abuse and dependence, generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, dysthymic disorder and major depressive episode. Disorders more common in men were antisocial personality, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Disorders more common among women were major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder. Alcohol abuse was more prevalent among those living in rural areas, but dependence was more prevalent in the urban area, where panic disorder is also more frequent. Widowed, separated and divorced people had most of the highest prevalences: tobacco-use disorder, alcohol abuse and dependence, dysthymia and generalized anxiety disorder. Except for a very high rate of alcohol abuse and dependence and a low rate of substance abuse disorders, the prevalence rates are similar to those obtained in North American studies using the NIMH-DIS as a survey instrument. The DSM-III criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence may be less applicable to Iceland than to North America, because of differences in what is culturally regarded as acceptable use of alcohol.     

我院2001年住院患者抗菌药物应用状况调查分析

目的:了解我院住院患者抗菌药物的实际应用情况。方法:以2001年各科住院人数为基数,按比例随机抽取出院患者的病历,预先设定调查项目,逐一录入Access数据库,链接Excel进行综合分析。结果与结论:我院抗茵药物的应用率较高(75.35％);外科(包括颈椎、妇科)预防手术部位感染应用抗菌药平均达97％;各科室平均应用抗菌药品种数为1.5种,趋于合理;抗菌药物的联合应用以喹诺酮类、青霉素类、头孢菌素类与硝咪唑类为主;广谱抗茵药与抗感染植物药的联合应用日渐增多;病原学检查的比率占12.72％。     

405名企业员工心理压力状况调查报告

目的:了解企业员工心理压力状况,为企业培训和管理员工提供依据。方法:采用心理状况调查问卷和自编开放式问卷进行网络调查。结果:企业员工心理状况总体良好,企业员工压力源主要来自工作和知识欠缺,并且大多数员工感到需要心理帮助。结论:企业应重视员工的心理疏导和专业技术培训,并改善企业自身的管理,这样有助于员工更好的融入企业。     

Acanthamoeba keratitis: multicentre survey in England 1992-6

AIM—To investigate the frequency, outcomes, and risk factors for acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) in England during the past 4 years.
METHODS—An ophthalmologist in 12 of the 14 regional health authorities (RHAs) coordinated identification of patients in their region presenting with AK between 1 October 1992 and 30 September 1996. Clinical and postal patient questionnaire data were analysed.
RESULTS—243 patients (259 eyes) with an AK diagnosis were identified, equating to an annualised incidence of 0.14 per 100 000 individuals. UK resident patients for each year numbered 50, 71, 73, and 32 respectively. Among patients with sufficient data 170/237 (72%) were diagnosed early (within 30 days of presentation), 197/218 (90%) were treated with polyhexamethyl biguanide and/or chlorhexidine, and 40/243 (16%) underwent surgery. Visual acuities of 6/12 or better were achieved by 222/259 (86%) eyes, including 84 eyes of patients under review or lost to follow up. Non-contact lens (CL) wearers were associated with delayed diagnosis, increased need for surgery and a poorer visual outcome (only 10/18 eyes, 56%, achieved 6/12 acuity). 225/243 (93%) patients were CL wearers, and 205/243 (84%) were soft CL (SCL) users. Among SCL user respondents, previously identified risk factors—swimming with CL (47/138, 34%), non-sterile CL rinsing (11/138, 8%), omitted disinfection (85/138, 62%), and chlorine release disinfection (65/138, 47%)—were identified for 125/138 (91%) patients.
CONCLUSIONS—Earlier diagnosis and more effective medical therapy have improved the prognosis for most AK patients. The study demonstrates the highly preventable nature of the disease: 91% of the SCL wearers could have avoided the disease by refraining from inadvisable practices, and a marked fall in frequency was seen after intensive media attention to AK, possibly in conjunction with increasing penetrance of new CL products. Since the frequency of AK appears to be largely determined by the ever changing trends in CL use, continued monitoring is indicated.

Keywords: keratitis; Acanthamoeba; multicentre survey; England     

Use of the internet for health purposes: trends in Norway 2000–2010

Aim:  The aim of this work is to study the 10 year trends in the use and projected use of internet for health purposes in Norway. This includes more detailed analyses of changes in latter years, current uses, valuation as source of health information, reported effects and projected developments.
Method:  Surveys on the use of the internet for health purposes have been conducted in Norway in the years 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007. Representative samples were drawn from the population, and interviews were conducted by poll agencies using telephone (CATI).
Results:  Internet use for health purposes in the Norwegian population has increased dramatically over the last 7 years from 19% in 2000 to 67% in 2007. If this trend continues, we estimate that 84% of the Norwegian population will be using internet for health purposes by the year 2010. Reading about health or illness is the most common activity, and the rated importance of the internet as a source of health information is increasing. The internet is also used more for ordering medicines and other health-related products. Forty-four per cent of those having used the internet for health purposes reported having searched for lifestyle-related information, and 40% reported having felt inspired to change health behaviour.
Conclusions:  The internet is an important source of health information, which is likely to increase in importance in the years to come. This study further underlines the potential of internet use for health promoting purposes, as well as the potential for exacerbating social disparities in health.     

875名中学生校园暴力的现况调查

目的了解某市中学生校园暴力的流行情况。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法，从某市初一、初二、高一、高二年级抽取875名中学生为研究对象，应用自行设计的青少年成长与校园安全调查表，观察中学生校园暴力的流行情况。结果精神暴力的检出率为59．0％，躯体暴力的检出率为35．7％；对发生在校园内的各种暴力现象，有29．0％的学生认识不到这是一种不正确的行为；面对校园暴力，有43．4％的中学生会向老师、家长或警察报告，28．6％的中学生不会报告，28．0％的中学生没有想过或不知道怎么做。结论某市中学生校园暴力较为普遍，大部分中学生对校园暴力行为缺乏正确的认识和应对措施。社会、学校、家庭要重视校园暴力现象，并采取积极有效的措施。     

绝经后妇女钙摄入量及膳食来源分布

为了解绝经后妇女膳食钙的摄入量,钙的食物来源以及膳食结构,对济南市区154名绝经后妇女进行了7d膳食调查及24h尿钙测定.膳食调查采用记录和称重相结合的方法,用原子吸收分光光度法测定尿钙,依据《食物成份表》计算12类食物的平均摄入量以及钙在各类食物中的分布,对膳食钙摄入量与尿钙排出量进行相关分析.结果显示,济南市区绝经后妇女平均每天膳食钙摄入量为349±112mg,占RDA的44%,奶类和豆类食品虽然钙含量丰富,但摄入量较少.在被调查者中,18%的人钙摄入量不足200mg/d,66%的人不足400mg/d,仅有6%的人大于800mg/d,24h尿钙排出量平均258±83mg/24h,占膳食摄入钙的74%,膳食摄入钙与尿钙排出量无显著相关性(r=0.018,P>0.05).建议绝经后妇女增加奶和豆类食品的摄入量或摄入适量的钙补充剂以使钙的摄入量(RDA)不低于1000～1200mg/d.     

Prevalence of apical periodontitis, crowned teeth and teeth with posts in a Swedish population

Abstract A longitudinal radiological study was carried out of 200 consecutive patients in a Swedish population. The aims of the investigation were to study the prevalences of crowned teeth, pontics and posts on two occasions with an interval of 5–7 years and, furthermore, to study apical periodontitis in connection with teeth with crowns and posts to see if such treatments affected this prevalence. 417 (mean 2.1) teeth were crowned at the first examination and 529 (mean 2.6) at the second. For pontics, the corresponding figures were 93 (mean 0.5) and 141 (mean 0.7). Crowns and pontics were more common in the upper jaw. 59.4% of the endodontically treated teeth had posts at the first examination and 64.4% at the second. 34.5% of the 255 teeth with apical periodontitis found at the first examination and 41.0% of the 268 at the second were in connection with posts. It was concluded that both crowns and pontics were common treatment procedures in the studied population. Crown therapy did not seem to impair the apical status while teeth with posts more often had apical periodontitis than other teeth and, furthermore, teeth with screw posts were lost more frequently than other teeth.