湛江市城区7-12岁小学生社交恐惧症流行病学现状调查

目的:了解湛江市儿童社交恐惧症(Social anxiety disorder of childhood,SADC)的患病现况。方法:采取随机、分层、整群抽样的调查方法,使用中文修订版儿童社交焦虑量表(SASC)调查湛江市2409名小学生,对量表分大于2倍均数标准差的儿童进行面谈,依照中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第三版(CCMD-3)的标准进行诊断。结果:湛江市儿童社交恐惧症患病率为2·74%。男、女生患病率分别为2·6%和2·9%,差异无显著性(χ2=0·11,P=0·744);各年级患病率在1·76%~4·32%之间,差异无显著性(χ2=5·47,P=0·361)。结论:湛江市儿童社交恐惧症患病率较高,应引起老师、家长及有关部门的重视。     

陕西、青海、新疆三省(区)部分人群庚型肝炎病毒血清学调查

目的：调查陕西、青海、新疆三省（区）部分人群庚型肝炎病毒（HGV／GBV）血清学特征。方法：采用ELISA方法，共调查三省（区）1469份血清中GBV－IgG抗体。结果：少数民族血清GBV－IgG抗体的阳性率（藏族4．11％，蒙古族5．36％，维吾尔族4．55％，回族4．00％）略高于汉族（1．36％－1．73％），但差异无显著性（P＞0．05）；吸毒人群GBV－IgG阳性率（11．30％，34／301）明显高于正常人群（2．44％，18／736），（P＜0．01）；献血员GBV－IgG阳性率为1．02％－7．68％。结论：三省区民族间GBV－IgG抗体阳性差异无显著性，血源性传播是其重要途径，应加强对献血员及吸毒人员的监管。     

安徽省有焦虑症状大学生的社会人口特征及社会心理分析

目的:了解安徽省大学生焦虑症状流行状况及其社会人口和社会心理影响因素。方法:对所有省属高校按专业分层,以校为整群抽样(每专业1校),抽取该校在校生的15%。采用无记名问卷调查,共获得有效问卷4178份。调查工具包括焦虑自评问卷(SAS)和青少年负性生活事件量表(ASLEC)。结果:6.94%的大学生存在焦虑,其中男生7.22%,女生为6.35%。理工学生焦虑检出率最高(10.08%),西医学生最低(3.59%)。卡方检验显示焦虑症状与社会人口特征中的出生地、年级、学习成绩、专业及父亲学历有关;与社会心理因素中的生活事件与生活经历,家庭环境中的大部分特征都有统计意义的相关性。多元逐步回归模型进一步发现焦虑症状受社会人口特征中理工类专业(OR=1.77,95%CI:1.30～2.41)和成绩差(OR=1.45,95%CI:1.09～1.93)的显著影响,同时也受社会心理因素中的负性生活事件(OR=4.76,95%CI:3.36～6.77)、消极社会经历(OR=3.35,95%CI:2.43～4.62)以及家庭环境特征中的亲密度(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.49～0.85)和情感表达(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.54～0.94)的显著影响。结论:大学生焦虑症状受社会人口特征及社会心理各方面的综合影响,大学生焦虑症状的预防需家庭、学校和社会的共同参与和促进。     

Survey of recognition and utilization of guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma in Japan

BACKGROUND: In Japan in 1993, the Japanese Society of Allergology (JSA) developed guidelines for diagnosis and management of asthma (JGL), which were based on the concept that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway. METHODS: This survey study was intended to investigate the recognition and utilization of JGL among physicians who had treated asthma. The survey comprised two methods: a quantitative mail survey and a qualitative door-to-door survey conducted by trained interviewers. RESULTS: In the mail survey, a total of 1028 physicians responded; 552 members of the JSA and 476 nonmembers. Ninety-four percent of JSA members were aware of adult asthma management guidelines, while 53% of nonmembers were aware of them. Although approximately half of the physicians, both members and nonmembers, found differences between the asthma management policies in JGL and their previous policies, most of them utilized JGL once they read it. In the qualitative door-to-door survey, 80-90% of physicians evaluated JGL as good after they read it. CONCLUSIONS: JGL was recognized and utilized by most JSA members, but only half of nonmember physicians were aware of JGL, although they utilized JGL after they read it. Further action to implement JGL among nonspecialist physicians is needed to improve management of asthma.     

糖尿病患者心理健康状况的多因素Logistic回归分析

目的探讨糖尿病患者心理健康状况的影响因素。方法对山西省4个地区8个调查点的2132名城乡居民，其中包括139名糖尿病患者，进行问卷调查，了解其一般情况以及情绪状况、社会支持等社会心理因素。结果单因素分析发现，糖尿病患者的焦虑情绪高于非糖尿病者，对社会支持中的家庭资源的利用也不及非糖尿病者；多因素发现，影响糖尿病患者心理健康状况的因素有地区、性别、年龄、经济收入、焦虑以及抑郁等；结论糖尿病患者心理健康状况的影响因素既涉及地区、性别、年龄、经济收入等一般状况，也与患者的情绪障碍的社会支持有密切关系。临床应根据不同的影响因素进行有效牙心理干预。     

湖南某镇农村居民自杀意念影响因素

目的:探讨农村居民自杀意念的影响因素,为自杀干预提供依据。方法:对湖南浏阳市永安镇常住农村居民,采用分层随机整群抽样法确定样本人群,使用自行设计的调查表,采取入户、单独面谈的方式进行调查。结果:共851名调查对象接受了面谈并完成调查问卷。终生自杀意念发生率为23．6％,经多因素logistic嘲归分析,自评心理健康状况、自评经济水平、性别、自评躯体健康状况为自杀意念的影响因素(OR值分别为2．107、1．910、1．630、1．596)。结论:农村常住居民自杀意念发生率处于较高水平。自评心理健康状况差、自评经济水平低、女性、自评躯体健康状况差是产生自杀意念的危险因素。应针对危险因素予以积极的干预。     

Immunological markers of childhood fevers in an area of intense and perennial malaria transmission.

In order to describe presumed paediatric malaria on a cell-immunological basis, the soluble receptors of IL-2 (sIL-2R) and tumour necrosis factor (sTNF-R55 and sTNF-R75) were quantified in highly exposed young Tanzanian children. Sera were obtained from 66 acute and 72 reported febrile patients during health post consultations and follow-ups and from 68 community controls. Levels of sIL-2R, sTNF-R55 and sTNF-R75 were significantly elevated during fever attacks, especially in very young children. Soluble TNF-R75 levels were most stable and those of sTNF-R55 least. Levels of sTNF-R55 were related to the magnitude of fever and thus appeared to reflect attack severity. Levels of sTNF-R75 were highly significantly associated with parasite density, indicating that this response is malaria-specific. The present study indicates that sTNF-R75 levels could become a useful immunological tool in malaria intervention studies, as they reflect changes in malaria-specific immune responses. Future studies should validate this potential in different endemic settings.     

幼儿情绪自我调控的相关因素

目的:探讨与儿童自我调控能力有关的因素。方法:对560名18个月至6岁的幼儿进行自我调控能力、气质、生活环境和养育方式的评价。自我调控能力包括努力控制的注意集中和抑制性控制两因子和儿童自我调控发展评价。结果:(1)父亲受教育程度与儿童的自我调控能力有关(F=3．83,P<0．05;F =4．71,P<0．01)。父亲为大学或以上组的儿童的认知调控和注意集中的得分最高(3．6±0．4,34．5± 8．7),初中组的得分最低(3．4±0．5,30．4±9．2)。母亲受教育程度与儿童的自我调控能力有关(F= 5．14,P<0．01;F=3．02,P<0．05),母亲为大学或以上组与大专组的儿童的注意集中和抑制性控制得分相同并且最高(3．6±0．4,3．7±0．5)。自我调控发展总分随母亲受教育程度的升高而提高(129．2±25．1, 127．7±23．2,122．37±25．8,118．1±26．1,F=3．63,P<0．05)。(2)家长为权威型养育态度儿童的自我调控能力最强(F=4．02-23．23,P<0．05或P<0．001)。(3)“经常”看电视儿童的社会行为和亲社会行为的得分较很少看或不看者低(117．5±21．7,125．0±22．8,127．2±27．3,t=3．16、3．26,P<0．05)。 (4)自我调控因子与气质维度之间的相关性在3～6岁达到统计学意义的数目比3岁前更多而且相关程度也普遍提高。适应性和坚持性是与自我调控能力相关性最高的两个维度(r=0．4～0．6)。易养型儿童的自我调控能力得分最高,启动缓慢型的最低(F=10．02～15．4,P<0．001)。结论:气质和养育方式是与自我调控关系较大的因素。     

Why did persons invited to train in cardiopulmonary resuscitation not do so?

All citizens (N = 22066) aged 16 to 65 of a medium-sized Belgiantown were personally invited to CPR training sessions held intheir neighbourhood. 1152 responded by attending a trainingsession. Those who did not so respond were surveyed (randomsample N=600) for reasons of their not coming. The sample fittedwell with census data for gender, age and suburb location butnot for job, because retired persons and women at home wereover represented. 123 persons did not want to answer the questions. 116 personssaid they were already trained in CPR, 276 said they would accepton a future occasion and 82 said they would not. Three personsdid not answer this question. There was no discrimination for job, gender and suburb locationbetween those who did and did not accept a future training opportunity,nor was the existence of a heart patient among relatives. Theolder the person, the less inclined was that person to participatein CPR training (age effect x² = 17.17, d.f. = 9, P<0.05).The 276 who accepted future training, chose their workplace(221) and/or their social meeting place (club etc.) as the placewhere this future training should be held. We suggest that CPR training is well accepted and that the trainingopportunities should be given at places of work and social gatherings.     

Psychotropic drug utilization patterns in a metropolitan population

Summary Psychotropic drug intake by a random sample of citizens of the city of Munich aged 30–69 years has been assessed. A 1-week prevalence of 9.3% for all psychotropic drug users was found, benzodiazepines accounting for approximately two-thirds (6.6%) of the users. Two-thirds of drug users were women. Drug use in both sexes increased with age. The doses of benzodiazepines prescribed in most cases were less than 10 mg diazepam equivalent per day. Intake of benzodiazepines in combination with analgesics or alcohol (40 g/day) did not appear to represent a major problem. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the number of chronic diseases was the strongest predictor of benzodiazepine intake in men, whereas stress and age determined intake in women. Long-term use seemed to be relatively rare at 11% of all benzodiazepine users, so it was not considered to be a severe public health problem.