情志护理对改善脑卒中后抑郁症状的效果观察

[目的]探讨情志护理对改善脑卒中后病人的抑郁状态效果.[方法]根据Zung抑郁自评量表,将有抑郁状态的285例病人随机分为观察组(140例)和对照组(145例).两组均采用常规治疗和护理,观察组给予情志护理.[结果]观察组抑郁状态明显低于对照组.[结论]实施情志护理可改善脑卒中后病人抑郁的状态,且效果显著.     

Food on Film: Pilot Test of an Innovative Method for Recording Food Intake of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Living in the Community

Background Adults with intellectual or developmental disabilities need dietary monitoring but are not likely to be able to provide accurate dietary intake data via traditional methods. Pilot study efforts to meet their support needs with a novel and practical approach to dietary intake data collection are described in this brief report. Materials and Method Still photography kits were used by nine adult volunteer participants with intellectual disabilities who lived in group homes or in semi‐independent living arrangements to capture images of the food they consumed over 24 h. Results Use of photographs during dietary intake interviews improved the reliability of the participants’ responses. Mean reliability ratings improved from ‘Indiscernible/Poor’ (mean range 1.0–1.7) to ‘Good/Excellent’ (mean range 3.6–5.0). Conclusions Our preliminary data imply that Food on Film is an effective and appropriate tool for use in community settings and warrants further testing.     

脑病损后构音障碍的诊评：附65例临床报告

应用弗朗蔡构音障碍评法对６５例构音障碍患者进行诊评，发现脑血管病后构音障碍以痉挛型多见，共５７例占８７．８％，依次是弛缓型、运动失调型、运动过弱型。该评价法能比较全面系统地对脑病损后构音障碍进行诊断分型与鉴别诊断，为临动态的观察病情变化及疗效判定，提供可靠的客观依据，同时能对判断预后有一定指导作用。     

溶血磷脂酸在缺血性脑血管病早期诊断和治疗中的价值

目的　探讨溶血磷脂酸在缺血性脑血管病早期诊断和治疗中的临床价值。方法　对 30例脑梗死患者、2 0例短暂性脑缺血发作 [TIA(仅于 3天内发作者为TIA1组 ) ]患者、9例反复TIA发作 (首次TIA发作 3天后仍有发作者为TIA2组 )患者 ,在发病 3天内、2周、4周时定磷法测定血浆溶血磷脂酸 (LPA)水平 ,并与 2 0例健康人作对照。测定 6例反复TIA发作患者抗血小板治疗 3个月 (试验组 )治疗前后血浆LPA水平 ,并与 5例未抗血小板治疗者 (对照组 )作对照。结果　①脑梗死组在发病 3天内、2周时 ,TIA1组发病 3天内及TIA2组发病 3天内、2周、4周时血浆LPA水平升高 ,与健康对照组比较 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。②反复TIA发作患者治疗 3个月后试验组血浆LPA水平显著下降 ,与健康对照组比较 ,差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,对照组血浆LPA水平下降 ,与健康对照组比较 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　LPA可作为早期诊断缺血性脑血管病的一项指标 ;存在脑血管病危险因素患者 ,当血浆LPA水平升高时 ,应积极抗血小板等治疗 ,LPA可作为疗效指标之一。     

Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy: a case report and literature review

Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy is a rare condition in which patients appear to make a complete clinical recovery after an episode of anoxia or hypoxia but then develop a relapse characterized by apathy, confusion, agitation, and/or progressive neurologic deficits. The incidence of delayed postanoxic encephalopathy is unclear but has been reported to range from less than 1 to 28 per 1000 in patients who have suffered hypoxic or anoxic events. The exact pathogenesis remains unknown. We describe a case of an independently living 51-year-old woman admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit 11 days after a respiratory arrest. At admission, she exhibited cognitive and visual deficits that were relatively mild but prevented a safe return to independent living. Two days later, she developed the sudden onset and rapid worsening of parkinsonian symptoms and excruciating bilateral lower-extremity pain. The pain was intractable, and over the next 2 days she progressed to being unable to walk or perform her activities of daily living without maximum assistance. A diagnosis of delayed postanoxic encephalopathy was made, and the patient responded to a trial of carbidopa and levodopa as well as redirection of her physical and occupational therapy programs. This case illustrates the unusual presentation of delayed postanoxic encephalopathy during inpatient rehabilitation and suggests that this condition should be considered if patients who have suffered an anoxic or hypoxic event show a sudden neurologic deterioration.     

Social reward and rejection sensitivity in eating disorders: An investigation of attentional bias and early experiences

Abstract

Objectives. People with eating disorders (EDs) have difficulties with social functioning. One explanatory mechanism is a problem with over-sensitivity to rejection and/or low sensitivity to social reward. The aim of this study is to investigate attentional bias to facial stimuli in people with a lifetime diagnosis of EDs and healthy controls (HCs) and to test whether these attentional biases are linked to adverse early experiences. Methods. Forty-six participants with a current diagnosis of EDs (29 with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 17 with bulimia nervosa (BN)), 22 participants recovered from an eating disorder (13 with past AN and nine with past BN) and 50 HCs completed a dot-probe task with faces expressing rejection and acceptance. Participants reported on parental style and adverse early experiences. Results. People with a lifetime diagnosis of EDs show an attentional bias to rejecting faces and a difficulty disengaging attention from these stimuli. Also, they had a sustained attentional avoidance of accepting faces. HCs demonstrated the opposite attentional pattern. The attentional bias to rejection was correlated with adverse childhood experiences. Conclusions. People with an EDs show vigilance to rejection and avoidance of social reward. This may contribute to the causation or maintenance of the illness.     

Parotid gland flow activity and inorganic composition in purging bulimic patients treated with fluoxetine

Abstract

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to establish whether vomiting bulimic and/or non-bulimic depressive patients, both treated with the serotonin reuptake inhibitor SI-5-HT (fluoxetine), have differing proportions of inorganic components (specifically, sodium, potassium and calcium) in their parotid salivary gland secretions, than in the average population. Methods. A controlled clinical trial was designed for three age-matched female groups: bulimic patients receiving fluoxetine 40 mg/day (n = 33), non-bulimic patients diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder (fluoxetine 20 mg/day, n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 51). Parotid saliva was collected using a Lashley cap while the subjects were at rest. Stimulation was obtained chemically using a 3% citric acid solution, and physically by instructing the subjects to chew on wax pellets. The concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium ions were measured using the colorimetric photometry method. Results. The bulimic patients had a reduction in flow and sodium and potassium ions in the parotid saliva and non-bulimic patients had a reduction in flow. Deficits in certain components of saliva were shown to be directly related to salivary flow rate. Conclusions. The data suggest that detection of inorganic deficits in parotid saliva might serve as a reliable confirmation of reduction in flow amongst purging bulimic patients treated with fluoxetine.     

Use of Trial 1 of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) as a Screening Measure of Effort: Suggested Discontinuation Rules

Trial 1 of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) has been suggested as a screening tool, with several possible cut-off scores proposed. The purpose of the present study was to replicate the utility of previously suggested cut-off scores and to characterize neuropsychological profiles of persons who “pass” the TOMM but obtain Trial 1 scores <45 and of persons with cognitive disorders. A total of 229 veterans were administered the TOMM as part of a neuropsychological evaluation. Trial 1 scores ≥41 and ≤25 showed good utility as discontinuation scores for adequate and poor effort, respectively, beyond which administration of additional trials were unnecessary. Findings suggest better Trial 1 performance is significantly related to better speeded mental flexibility and memory.     

Behavioral parent training to address sleep disturbances in young children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot trial

Objectives

A large percentage of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have bedtime and sleep disturbances. However, the treatment of these disturbances has been understudied. The purpose of our study was to develop a manualized behavioral parent training (BPT) program for parents of young children with ASD and sleep disturbances and to test the feasibility, fidelity, and initial efficacy of the treatment in a small randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Participants and methods

Parents of a sample of 40 young children diagnosed with ASD with an average age of 3.5 years were enrolled in our study. Participants were randomized to either the BPT program group or a comparison group who were given nonsleep-related parent education. Each participant was individually administered a 5-session program delivered over the 8-week study. Outcome measures of feasibility, fidelity, and efficacy were collected at weeks 4 and 8 after the baseline time point. Children’s sleep was assessed by parent report and objectively by actigraphy.

Results

Of the 20 participants in each group, data were available for 15 participants randomized to BPT and 18 participants randomized to the comparison condition. Results supported the feasibility of the manualized parent training program and the comparison program. Treatment fidelity was high for both groups. The BPT program group significantly improved more than the comparison group based on the primary sleep outcome of parent report. There were no objective changes in sleep detected by actigraphy.

Conclusions

Our study is one of few RCTs of a BPT program to specifically target sleep disturbances in a well-characterized sample of young children with ASD and to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. Initial efficacy favored the BPT program over the comparison group and suggested that this manualized parent training approach is worthy of further examination of the efficacy within a larger RCT.     

The impact of child sexual abuse on the course of bipolar disorder: a systematic review

Maniglio R. The impact of child sexual abuse on the course of bipolar disorder: a systematic review.
Bipolar Disord 2013: 15: 341–358. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Objectives: The aim of this review was to elucidate the impact of child sexual abuse on all clinical phenomena that occur after the onset of bipolar disorder, including associated clinical features that are not part of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder. Methods: Five databases were searched and supplemented with a hand search of reference lists from retrieved papers. Study quality was assessed using a validated quality assessment tool. Blind assessments of study eligibility and quality were conducted by two independent researchers to reduce bias, minimize errors, and enhance the reliability of findings. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results: Eighteen studies that included a total of 2996 adults and youths with bipolar disorder and met the minimum quality criteria necessary to ensure objectivity and not invalidate results were analyzed. Across studies, child sexual abuse was strongly (and perhaps directly) associated with posttraumatic stress disorder; whereas it was less strongly (and perhaps indirectly) related to suicide attempts, alcohol and/or drug abuse or dependence, psychotic symptoms, and an early age of illness onset. In regard to the association between child sexual abuse and other clinical variables concerning the course of bipolar disorder, evidence was scant or conflicting. Conclusions: Child sexual abuse is associated (either directly or indirectly) with some clinical phenomena that represent a more severe form of bipolar disorder. Although such a traumatic experience may directly affect the development of posttraumatic stress disorder, the effects of early sexual abuse on later suicidal behavior, substance abuse, and psychotic symptoms may operate through the mediating influences of certain psychopathological or neurobiological variables.