Cognitive behaviour therapy approach to disputing automatic thoughts: a two-stage model

Research shows that clients with automatic thoughts (dysfunctional thinking) often do not think of alternative explanations in relation to negative events. Furthermore, these automatic thoughts are characterized by a broad global, self-evaluative and ambiguous nature that could make disputing (or changing the ways they think) the most difficult part of the therapeutic process. This paper proposes a two-stage practise-based disputing model, guided by research, that aims to 'bring' an automatic thought to a specific, objective, quantifiable and concrete level at which not only is the particular aspect(s) of the automatic thought that causes emotional disturbances finely focused, but the disputing is also likely to be effective and manageable. Furthermore, it will also generate alternative explanations that are helpful in reducing emotional disturbances and in facilitating problem solving approach. In this paper, the authors use a case example to discuss the rationale that underpins the conceptualization of the model and to illustrate the process in which the strategies of the model are effectively used.     

Tumour cell u-PA as a cause of fibrinolytic bleeding in metastatic disease

Tumour cells may express urokinase type plasminogen activator (u-PA). This may influence the invasive properties of the cells but has seldom been implicated in production of a systemic bleeding state. Two patients are described in whom severe bleeding occurred in association with disseminated malignancies. Thrombin generation was little disturbed and platelet numbers were insufficient to account for the bleeding. Florid plasmin generation was evident in the circulation and the fibrinolytic inhibitor tranexamic acid controlled the bleeding well. Free active u-PA was demonstrated in the circulation and u-PA antigen on the malignant cells which invaded the marrow of one of the patients. Tumour cell u-PA may occasionally be responsible for a bleeding state.     

胎盘血流量下降对大鼠胎仔生长和胎盘结构的影响——宫内生长迟缓动物模型的研究

本实验采用 SD 大鼠,在孕后期行孕鼠一侧子宫动脉中段完全结扎,另一侧作对照.23只孕鼠(150只胎仔)分成未结扎上、下(CU 和 CL)与结扎上、下(LU、LL)四组.结果表明,LU 组宫内胎仔体重、胎盘重、脑肝重均较其它三组有显著下降(P<0.01);LU 组脑/肝重比值及脑/体重比值较其它三组有显著增加(P<0.01).其胎仔呈不均称性宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)。52只胎盘作了光镜观察,12只胎盘作了电镜观察。在已知子宫胎盘血流不足,且胎仔发生 IUGR 的情况下,其胎盘的改变与以往报道的人类 IUGR 胎盘病理改变相一致,从而证实了子宫胎盘血流量下降是 IUGR 发病的重要原因之一。     

子宫肌瘤与细胞凋亡的研究

目的:探讨子宫平滑肌瘤的发生与细胞凋亡的关系.方法:采用凝胶电泳技术对子宫平滑肌瘤患者的肌瘤核组织(实验组)及其周围的正常肌组织(对照组)进行DNA片段分析;采用碘化丙啶(PI)对DNA染色,流式细胞仪检测两组细胞的凋亡率,进行细胞凋亡的定量分析.结果:实验组有9例出现DNA断裂的梯形条带(9/30,30.0%),对照组有20例出现DNA梯形条带(20/30,66.7%),二者比较有明显差异;实验组凋亡率明显低于对照组.结论:子宫肌瘤的发生与细胞凋亡异常有关.     

膀胱冲洗液适宜温度的临床探讨

目的 :确定最适温度的膀胱冲洗液 ,最大限度的减少膀胱痉挛的次数和强度 ,减少出血 ,提高病人生活质量。方法 :采用六组不同温度冲洗液对术后病人行持续膀胱冲洗 ,记录膀胱痉挛次数 ,膀胱出血程度及体温变化的情况。结果 :随着冲洗液温度升高 ,膀胱痉挛平均次数减少 ,冲洗前后患者体温差逐渐变小 ,2 0℃～ 3 0℃温度组术后冲洗液红细胞计数平均数明显低于其它温度组。结论 :2 0℃～ 3 0℃是持续膀胱冲洗的最适温度     

高危出血患者应用吉派林抗凝血液透析疗效观察

目的：观察危重型肾功能衰竭合并高危出血患者选择抗凝药物进行血液透析治疗的效果。方法：应用吉派林(低分子肝素钠)作为抗凝剂进行血液透析。结果：129例病人进行血液透析386次，均没有出血发生。结论：吉派林在高危出血患者血液透析中使用方便，安全，效果良好。     

生长抑素治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床研究

目的 探讨生长抑素治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床效果。方法 应用奥曲肽治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者41例,并与垂体后叶素治疗的32例及三腔管治疗的25例进行对照。观察3组平均止血时间、24h止血率以及治疗前后门静脉主干直径、血流速度、血流量的变化。结果 奥曲肽治疗组、垂体后叶素治疗组、三腔管治疗组平均止血时间分别为194.27±28.88min、358.11±151.43min、134.71±32.12min,24h止血率分别为63.41％、37.50％、72％。奥曲肽治疗组止血率显著高于垂体后叶素治疗组(P<0.01)。奥曲肽治疗前后门静脉内径分别为10.86±0.41mm、13.84±0.35mm,二者有显著差异。奥曲肽治疗后其门静脉血流速度,血流量与治疗前相比较也有显著差异(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论 奥曲肽能使门脉内径相对缩小、血流量减少和血流速度加快,从而使门脉压力降低达到止血的目的。     

Congenital cervical atresia: Report of seven cases and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the clinical course and management of congenital cervical atresia. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective analysis included 7 patients referred to our clinic and a review of the medical literature. RESULTS: Including this case series, 58 cases of congenital cervical atresia have been reported in the literature. Forty-eight percent of patients had isolated congenital cervical atresia with a normal vagina whereas the remainder had either complete or partial vaginal atresia (“shortened blind vaginal pouches”). Surgical management has included abdominal hysterectomy or uterovaginal cannulation with or without vaginoplasty. In 59% of patients who underwent uterovaginal canalization procedures (23/39), normal menstrual bleeding was achieved. Four of these patients subsequently became pregnant and were delivered at term. CONCLUSION: Surgical canalization in selected patients with congenital cervical atresia can be successfully performed to provide patients an opportunity for conservative management, resulting in normal menstrual bleeding, resolution of cyclic pelvic pain, and some potential (albeit limited) for fertility.(Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:25)     

冲洗液温度对前列腺切除术后出血的影响

目的 研究冲洗液温度对前列腺切除术后出血的影响。方法 耻骨上前列腺切除术患者80例,年龄60～82(平均67.4±10.3)岁,随机分为两组各40例。A组采用20℃的冲洗液冲洗膀胱,B组采用37℃的冲洗膀胱。两组所有患者均于膀胱冲洗前抽静脉血,分别测定其在20℃和37℃状态下的激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)。同时比较两组术后出血量、冲洗总液量、血尿时间、寒冷反应及膀胱痉挛发生率,结果 检测80例患者血APTT,PT,TT均存在显著差异(P<0.001;冲洗总液量分别是(47883±±8953)ml和(19741±5490)mL,P<0.001;尿液转清时间分别是(47.5±16.9)h和(19.8±5.7)h,P相似文献   

Rockall危险性积分在急性上消化道出血中的应用

目的：探讨Rockall危险性积分在急性上消化道出血中的应用。方法：262例按Rockall危险性积分进行评分，并分为低危组（0～3）、中危组（4～7）、高危组（≥8）。结果：高危组与中危组相比再出血率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。高危组与中危组相比死亡率明显升高（P〈0．05）。结论：Rockall危险性积分对急性上消化道出血患者的病情评估具有重要的意义。