足内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

解剖观测了30侧成人下肢足内侧区皮肤血管.足底内侧动脉深支、浅支、内踝前动脉和跗内侧动脉,分别发4.5(3～8)支、7.4(3～12)支、5.9(2～12)支和2.8(1～6)支,外径在0.2～0.8mm之间的皮支分布足内侧区,动脉间吻合恒定.经选择性动脉注射显示,皮瓣面积约为9×6cm～10×8cm.以上述动脉为蒂的足内侧皮瓣,可转位修复内踝、跟腱、足跟和足底远侧区的软组织缺损,临床应用了12例均获得成功.     

The Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Type O Outbreak of 1992 Is Not Related to Vaccine Strain (O/R2/75)

Vaccination is the only pragmatic approach to control foot and mouth disease in India. Strict quality control measures are essential to supply potent vaccine to the field application, in addition to monitoring the performance of the vaccine in the field. During the process of monitoring, an outbreak of FMD in vaccinated animals caused by type “O” virus in Tanjavur district of Tamil Nadu and a type “O” virus from unvaccinated herd of Karnataka were studied. Field isolates and vaccine virus were sequenced and analyzed. Data indicated that the virus from the outbreak in vaccinated cattle was a variant which could escape neutralization by antibodies against vaccine virus. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are required for the development of insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice

An early step in the development of autoimmune diabetes is lymphocyte infiltration into the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, or insulitis. The infiltrate contains both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and both are required for progression to diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. It has been thought that the CD4⁺ lymphocytes are the initiators of the disease, the islet invaders, while CD8⁺ cells are the effectors, the islet destroyers. We question this interpretation because NOD mice lacking MHC class I molecules, hence CD8⁺ T cells, do not display even insulitis when expected.     

Growth hormone effect on accumulation of arterial basement membrane-like material studied on rabbit aortic myomedial cell cultures

Summary The effect of human growth hormone on arterial basement membrane-like (BM) material was studied. BM-like material was obtained from the cell layer of cultured aortic myomedial cells using a sonication-differential centrifugation technique. After the addition of small amounts of growth hormone (1 ng/ml) to the cultures, we observed a 26% increased incorporation of amino acids into BM-like material (2p<0.005). However, further increase in the incorporation was not observed using either 3 ng or 10 ng growth hormone per ml. Growth hormone inhibited removal/degradation of BM-like material by 16% (2p<0.01). However, pinocytosis rate and activity of major lysosomal enzymes: cathepsin D, acid phosphatase and -N-acetyl-glucosaminidase were unchanged. Incorporation of glycosaminoglycans as evaluated by [³⁵SO₄]-labelling was reduced by 8% when cells were exposed to growth hormone (2p<0.01). The present study demonstrates an effect of growth hormone on the turnover and composition of BM-like material in cultured arterial myomedial cells.     

Reconstruction of the foot and lower leg by a fasciocutaneous cross-leg flap after traumatic amputation and circumferential soft-tissue loss

Summary The use of a fasciocutaneous cross-leg flap in two cases to cover severe soft-tissue injuries with circumferential degloving of the lower leg and foot is presented. This was preceded by local treatment with topical agents and debridement, followed by application of a mesh skin graft. The functional and aesthetic defect of the donor site is minimal.     

成都市暴雨洪涝与儿童手足口病关联分析及脆弱人群亚组识别

目的 刻画成都市2011—2017年暴雨洪涝与儿童手足口病(Hand, foot and mouth disease,HFMD)之间的短期滞后关系,并进一步量化在不同性别、年龄亚组中的效应,识别脆弱人群。方法 收集整理成都市2011年1月1日—2017年12月31日的15岁以下HFMD日发病数、气象因子和暴雨洪涝发生情况数据。以暴雨洪涝为关键自变量,运用准泊松分布滞后模型,探讨了暴雨洪涝发生后0~14天的滞后效应。结果 研究发现暴雨洪涝与儿童手足口病呈正相关关系。0~7天和0~14天的累积滞后效应分别为1.11(95% CI:1.01~1.22)和1.21 (95% CI:1.04~1.41)。性别和年龄亚组分析分别表明,男童和3岁以下儿童（<1岁婴儿和1~2岁幼儿亚组）存在单日滞后统计显著的正相关关系,且0~7天和0~14天的累积滞后均显著;女童的单日滞后没有统计学意义,仅0~14天累计滞后统计显著,且效应略低于男童（女童: RR =1.23(1.00~1.51),男童: RR =1.26(1.06~1.51)）;<1岁婴儿0~7天和0~14天的累积滞后效应最强,分别为1.26(95%CI:1.02~1.57)和1.68(95%CI:1.20~2.34)。结论 暴雨洪涝会增加儿童患HFMD的风险,尤其是男童和3岁以下的婴幼儿（对1岁以下的婴儿的影响最大）。利益相关者应充分意识到暴雨洪涝的健康风险。家庭、社区、学校和政府应共同努力,减少暴雨洪涝相关的儿童HFMD。     

中医药对糖尿病足溃疡相关细胞因子调控作用的研究进展

糖尿病足溃疡是糖尿病严重的破坏性并发症,致残率及致死率逐年增高,严重威胁人类身心健康。中医药治疗糖尿病足溃疡,注重辨证论治与整体观念相结合,不仅能改善中医证候,更能在加速创面愈合的同时减少创面的复发,一定程度上延缓了糖尿病足溃疡的进一步恶化,降低其致残率及致死率。现代研究发现,糖尿病足溃疡难以愈合与各种细胞因子如炎症因子、生长因子、趋化因子等分布异常密切相关;随着现代医学对中医药研究的不断深入,中药单体及复方调控细胞因子治疗糖尿病足溃疡已成为研究热点,该文通过对目前国内外研究现状进行归纳,得出以下总结：(1)芝麻酚、栀子苷、当归补血汤、紫朱软膏等调节肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素（IL）-1、IL-6、IL-10等炎症因子,抑制创面炎症。(2)白芷、丹酚酸B、四效散、壮药拔毒生肌膏等调节血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、血小板衍生生长因子（PDGF）、转化生长因子（TGF）、表皮生长因子（EGF）等生长因子,促进创面胶原沉积及血管新生。(3)芍药苷、隐丹参酮、蜂毒、回阳生肌汤等调节CXC趋化因子配体（CXCL）1、CXCL2、CC趋化因子配体（CCL）2、CCL3、基质细胞衍生...     

中药治疗糖尿病肾脏疾病随机对照试验结局指标的现状分析

目的 分析中药治疗糖尿病肾脏疾病（DKD）随机对照试验中结局指标的使用情况和其他试验设计要素,为中药治疗DKD临床试验的设计及核心指标集的构建提供依据。方法 计算机检索知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学等7个医学数据库及2个临床试验注册中心（clinicaltrials.gov、chinadrugtrials.org.cn）近5年收录的中药治疗DKD随机对照试验,运用Cochrance手册对纳入的文献进行偏倚风险评估,对结局指标及其他试验设计要素进行统计与分析。结果 共纳入97项随机对照试验（RCTs）,包含5项试验注册方案,研究发现,97项研究总体偏倚风险较高;DKD Ⅲ期（36项,41.38%）和气阴两虚兼血瘀证（16次,26.23%）为应用最多的DKD分期及中医证型;92项RCTs的疗程最多96周,最少2周,其中52项（56.52%）研究疗程为12周;92项RCTs及5项注册试验共采用152种结局指标,使用1 040次,共分为8大类,实验室检查（血液）、实验室检查（尿液）、临床疗效、中医证候积分、生活质量量表、生命体征、其他指标及其他事件,应用频率较高的依次是血肌酐（68次,70.10%）、临床有效率（55次,56.70%）、空腹血糖（51次,52.58%）、尿素氮（48次,49.48%）、总胆固醇（47次,48.45%）、24 h尿蛋白定量（43次,44.33%）等;56项RCTs及2项注册试验共采用安全性指标53种,频数227次,使用频率较高的依次是,不良反应（49次,84.48%）、肝功能（28次,48.28%）、血常规（24次,41.38%）、心电图（17次,29.31%）、尿常规（14次,24.14%）;10项RCTs及5项注册试验报告了主要结局指标;54项RCTs报告了临床有效率指标。结论 目前中药治疗DKD的RCTs结局指标设计尚不规范,未来应积极构建突显出中医药特色的核心结局指标集,提升临床研究的质量,提高试验结果的应用价值。     

Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Diabetic Neuropathy: A 1-Year,Randomized, Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Trial

Aim: To investigate the effect of normalizing vitamin B12 (B12) levels with oral B12 (methylcobalamin) 1000 μg/day for one year in patients with diabetic neuropathy (DN). Patients and methods: In this prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 90 patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin for at least four years and both peripheral and autonomic DN were randomized to an active treatment group (n = 44) receiving B12 and a control group (n = 46) receiving a placebo. All patients had B12 levels less than 400 pmol/L. Subjects underwent measurements of sural nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), sural nerve action potential (amplitude) (SNAP), and vibration perception threshold (VPT), and they performed cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (CARTs: mean circular resultant (MCR), Valsalva test, postural index, and orthostatic hypotension). Sudomotor function was assessed with the SUDOSCAN that measures electrochemical skin conductance in hands and feet (ESCH and ESCF, respectively). We also used the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Questionnaire and Examination (MNSIQ and MNSIE, respectively) and questionnaires to evaluate quality of life (QoL) and level of pain (pain score). Results: B12 levels increased from 232.0 ± 71.8 at baseline to 776.7 ± 242.3 pmol/L at follow-up, p < 0.0001, in the active group but not in the control group. VPT, MNSIQ, QoL, pain score, SNCV, SNAP, and ESCF significantly improved in the active group (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, p < 0.000, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.014, respectively), whereas CARTS and MNSIE improved but not significantly. MCR, MNSIQ, SNCV, SNAP, and pain score significantly deteriorated in the control group (p = 0.025, p = 0.017, p = 0.045, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: The treatment of patients with DN with 1 mg of oral methylcobalamin for twelve months increased plasma B12 levels and improved all neurophysiological parameters, sudomotor function, pain score, and QoL, but it did not improve CARTS and MNSIE.