Comparison of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses from Germany and the United States, 2014

Since 2013, highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus has caused considerable economic losses in the United States. To determine the relation of US strains to those recently causing disease in Germany, we compared genomes and found that the strain from Germany is closely related to variants in the United States.     

Microbiota That Affect Risk for Shigellosis in Children in Low-Income Countries

Pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract exist within a vast population of microbes. We examined associations between pathogens and composition of gut microbiota as they relate to Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection. We analyzed 3,035 stool specimens (1,735 nondiarrheal and 1,300 moderate-to-severe diarrheal) from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study for 9 enteropathogens. Diarrheal specimens had a higher number of enteropathogens (diarrheal mean 1.4, nondiarrheal mean 0.95; p<0.0001). Rotavirus showed a negative association with Shigella spp. in cases of diarrhea (odds ratio 0.31, 95% CI 0.17–0.55) and had a large combined effect on moderate-to-severe diarrhea (odds ratio 29, 95% CI 3.8–220). In 4 Lactobacillus taxa identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the association between pathogen and disease was decreased, which is consistent with the possibility that Lactobacillus spp. are protective against Shigella spp.–induced diarrhea. Bacterial diversity of gut microbiota was associated with diarrhea status, not high levels of the Shigella spp. ipaH gene.     

Extensively Drug-Resistant New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase–Encoding Bacteria in the Environment,Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2012

Carriage of the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase variant 1 (NDM-1) enables drug resistance to move between communities and hospitals. In Bangladesh, we found the bla_NDM-1 gene in 62% of environmental waters and in fermentative and nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli sequence type (ST) 101 was most commonly found, reflecting a common global relationship between ST101 and NDM-1.     

Role of Maternal Antibodies in Infants with Severe Diseases Related to Human Parechovirus Type 3

Human parechovirus type 3 (HPeV3) is an emerging pathogen that causes sepsis and meningoencephalitis in young infants. To test the hypothesis that maternal antibodies can protect this population, we measured neutralizing antibody titers (NATs) to HPeV3 and other genotypes (HPeV1 and HPeV6) in 175 cord blood samples in Japan. The seropositivity rate (>1:32) for HPeV3 was 61%, similar to that for the other genotypes, but decreased significantly as maternal age increased (p<0.001). Furthermore, during the 2014 HPeV3 epidemic, prospective measurement of NATs to HPeV3 in 45 patients with severe diseases caused by HPeV3 infection showed low NATs (<1:16) at onset and persistently high NATs (>1:512) until age 6 months. All intravenous immunoglobulin samples tested elicited high NATs to HPeV3. Our findings indicate that maternal antibodies to HPeV3 may help protect young infants from severe diseases related to HPeV3 and that antibody supplementation may benefit these patients.     

2型糖尿病大血管病变风险及其交互作用分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病病人(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)合并大血管病变的危险因素以及危险因素之间的交互作用.方法 设计调查问卷,收集1999年1月～2010年12月期间在广州市某医院住院的2型糖尿病患者的病历资料,包括年龄、性别、病程等19个变量.采用分类树对危险因素进行定性的交互作用分析,采用非条件Logistic回归模型定量分析危险因素的交互作用效应.结果 单纯T2DM无并发症的患者595例,T2DM合并大血管病变754例.建立分类树模型,包括3层,7个结点,4个终末节点,筛选出年龄、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、病程、高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL)、TC/HDL、三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TG)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)共8个危险因素.而与2型糖尿病大血管病变关联最密切的是年龄、病程和BMI.非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄与病程(OR=6.215,95％ CI:2.867～13.476,P＜0.001)、年龄与BMI(OR =2.484,95％ CI:1.465～4.212,P=0.001)在2型糖尿病进展大血管病变中存在交互作用.结论 年龄、病程和BMI相互作用是T2DM合并大血管病变的重要危险因素,年龄超过56岁,病程超过10年的患者应重点监测和干预,以防止大血管病变的发生.     

银川地区儿童感染性腹泻病病原学流行病学的研究

目的探讨银川地区儿童感染性腹泻病病原学分布特点,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法采集2012年4月-2013年4月期间就诊宁夏人民医院门诊及住院的初步诊断腹泻病患儿的新鲜粪便进行细菌培养,同时对所得样本采用RT-PCR技术进行轮状病毒(HRV)、诺如病毒(NORV)、扎如病毒(SPAV)、星状病毒(ASTV)及肠道腺病毒(EADV)检测。结果 286份粪便样本共检测出致病菌208例,检出率72.73%。病毒检测172例阳性,阳性率60.14%,其中HRV84例(29.34%)、NORV62例(21.77%),SPAV14例(4.90%)、ASTV27例(9.44%),EADV 21例(7.34%)。细菌培养致病菌36例,检出率为12.58%,以沙门氏菌感染多见。混合感染36例(12.58%)。结论银川地区儿童感染性腹泻病以病毒感染为主,HRV、NORV为主要致病菌。     

Scrub typhus caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi Kawasaki-related genotypes in Shandong Province,northern China

Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium and characterized by dramatic genetic diversity. To elucidate the genotypes of O. tsutsugamushi populating in patients in Shandong Province, a new epidemic zone in China, we sequenced partial of the 56-kDa type-specific antigen gene (TSA) and identified the genotypes of 43 O. tsutsugamushi samples from human patients confirmed with scrub typhus from 2010 to 2013. All of the 43 sequences are in the same clade, 39 of them are in one branch and the other four sequences, nominated as SH1002, SH1306, SH1309, and SH1307 are in four separate branches. To clarify the clinical characterizations caused by Kawasaki-related genotypes, we studied the clinical profiles of these 43 scrub typhus patients. Most patients (88.1%) were farmers lived in rural areas. They presented with fever (100.0%), headache (79.1%), dizziness (32.6%), generalized myalgia (48.8%), fatigue (53.5%), anorexia (53.5%), facial flushing (23.3%), conjunctival congestion (11.6%), skin rashes (58.1%) and lymphadenopathy (23.3%). Eschar (97.7%) was quite common in patients, which provided doctors with a luminous clue for diagnosis of scrub typhus. Thrombocytopenia was seen in 23.1% of patients, and three patients (7.0%) had bronchopneumonia. There was no death report in Shandong Province during the study period. The present study provides beneficial data for clinical, serological, and molecular diagnosis of scrub typhus infections, and also provides foundations for subsequent studies.     

2011—2013年北京某城区感染性腹泻患者致病菌检测分析

目的分析北京某城区2011—2013年感染性腹泻患者致病菌分布及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)图谱特征,为感染溯源提供依据。方法收集2011年1月—2013年12月该区域肠道门诊感染性腹泻患者粪便标本1 179份,对其培养分离的致病菌进行血清分型及PFGE分析。结果 1 179份标本,共培养肠道病原菌330株,其中检出居前4位的肠道致病菌依次为志贺菌属93株(28.18%)、沙门菌属69株(20.91%)、副溶血性弧菌44株(13.33%)及致泻性大肠埃希菌11株(3.33%)。18株宋内志贺菌PFGE分为8个型别,聚类相似度接近88%;69株沙门菌属细菌分为18个血清型,共41种PFGE型别,其中山夫登堡沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌具有明显的优势带型;23株副溶血性弧菌PFGE型别较为分散。结论 3年间感染性腹泻患者致病菌的血清型和PFGE带型分布较为广泛,应注意沙门菌属和志贺菌属细菌的PFGE优势菌型,警惕其引发的感染性腹泻暴发流行。     

社区无症状2型糖尿病优先筛查人群研究

目的 探索社区糖尿病优先筛查人群的选择依据.方法 利用2010年中国慢性病与危险因素监测浙江省的数据,采用决策树方法对社区全人群以及男性、女性、年龄大于45岁、高血压、血脂异常、超重肥胖、腰围增大7类不同特征人群进行分类分析.结果 腰围增大并伴有糖尿病家族史的人群是社区全人群糖尿病优先筛查人群,该人群糖尿病患病率为28.21％ (11/39).7类不同特征人群糖尿病优先筛查人群及其患病率均不一致.对社区全人群糖尿病优先筛查人群进行筛查,平均发现每例糖尿病筛查成本为71元,其中超重肥胖人群平均发现每例糖尿病筛查成本最低(38元),男性人群平均发现每例糖尿病筛查成本最高(84元).结论 利用决策树法可以得出腰围增大并伴有糖尿病家族史的人群糖尿病患病率较高,该方法确定糖尿病优先筛查人群需要调查的危险因素更少,操作也更加简便,更适合社区用于糖尿病筛查.     

郑州地区2009-2013年无偿献血初筛错血型原因分析

目的：统计郑州地区2009-2013年无偿献血者初筛错血型的原因,制定应对措施。方法对郑州地区2009-2013年无偿献血者进行错血型分型逐年统计,分析错误原因。结果2009-2013年共检测857545人次血型,初筛错血型共计1398例,其中A型血型错误390例,错误率为0.16%,B型血型错误409例,错误率为0.15%,O型错误血型176例,错误率最低为0.07%,AB型错误血型423例,错误率最高为0.47%。纵向来看,2011年血型总错误率最高为0.23%,2013年血型总错误率最低为0.10%。结论郑州地区无偿献血人群中血型分布为O>B>A>AB,但错血型率为AB>A>B>O。2009-2013年血型平均错误率为0.16%。