2000年以来图书馆学理论研究热点问题探析

本文重点分析了2000年以来图书馆学理论研究的热点问题,包括图书馆学基础理论、图书馆哲学、图书馆精神、图书馆权利等。     

浅议流行病学病因学说中所体现的辩证观点

在进行流行病学病因内容的教学过程中,我们尝试对病因发展中所提出的学说进行分析,提炼其中所体现的辩证观点,以启发学生掌握科学认识病因的方法并建立辩证唯物主义哲学的思想观。     

合成氨系统优化的一类新方法

本文介绍一类新的优化方法及其在合成氨系统上应用的例子。该大系统分解-协调方法可方便地处理高阶系统。由计算机仿真对给定值进行调整,经实验验证,结果满意。文中并对在线计算机控制方案进行了探讨。     

初级卫生保健发展回顾与疾控作用的思考

  目的  评价国家基本公共卫生服务项目的实施效果,为基本公共卫生服务项目的可持续发展与实施提供循证依据与政策建议。  方法  以Donabedian质量理论为理论框架,从结构、过程、结果3个维度对中国2009 — 2019年公开发表的研究报告和现场定性访谈中基本公共卫生服务项目的实施效果进行综合评价。  结果  中国基本公共卫生服务体系逐步建立,筹资水平与服务内容不断提升,绩效考核机制不断完善,人民健康水平有所改善,城乡健康差距不断缩小,基层服务能力有所提升;但服务项目的动态调整机制尚未建立,“医防两张皮”现象普遍,基层信息化水平仍需提高。  结论  国家基本公共卫生服务项目取得了明显的成效,但在服务项目调整机制、医防融合及信息化建设等方面仍需改进。     

基于Watson关怀理论护理改善肺癌患者癌因性疲乏的研究

目的 探讨基于Watson关怀理论护理改善肺癌患者癌因性疲乏的作用.方法 选取2018年1月至2019年1月间陕西省西安市中医医院收治的行同步放化疗的132例非小细胞肺癌患者.根据采用的护理方法 不同进行分组,其中,采用常规护理干预的66例患者纳入对照组,采用基于Watson关怀理论护理干预的66例患者纳入观察组.比较...     

Caucasian and Mexican American low‐income children's thoughts about vegetables and fruits

The objective of this study was to determine behavioral, personal, and environmental factors that influence low‐income children's fruit and vegetable intake. Focus group questions were developed using the social cognitive theory (SCT). Four Caucasian (27 children) and six Mexican American focus groups (30 children) were conducted. Mexican‐American children stated they had the ability to prepare vegetables and fruits whereas Caucasian children expressed they would rather have their parents do the preparation. This is an example of the behavioral capability construct of SCT. Both ethnic groups mentioned they did not know where vegetables and fruits were stored in the home and this is an environmental construct of SCT. Personal factors of the SCT included Caucasian children preferring to add peanut butter and Ranch dip to vegetables compared to Mexican‐American children preferring to add salt, lime, and chili to vegetables. Sweetness, sourness, juiciness, and crunchiness were seen as good characteristics. All focus groups perceived vegetables and fruits as healthy. All of these issues need to be considered when developing nutrition programming for children.     

Rasch-based scoring offered more precision in differentiating patient groups in measuring upper limb function

ObjectiveTo compare the discriminatory ability of Rasch-based and summative scoring in the context of assessing upper limb function of patients with stroke.Study Design and SettingData were from a cohort study of 497 adults with stroke undergoing physiotherapy. Upper limb function was assessed at admission and discharge using the upper limb subscale of the Motor Assessment Scale (UL-MAS). Rasch analysis was used to transform raw UL-MAS scores into interval measures. A relative precision (RP) index was used to differentiate patients by discharge destination.ResultsThe analysis confirmed the unidimensional structure of UL-MAS at both admission and discharge and demonstrated the adequate fit of the items. The RP index favored the Rasch-based scoring over the summative scoring in differentiating between the two patient groups, with significant gains in precision at admission (15%) and discharge (11%). When examining patients in the upper or lower quartile of UL-MAS, the gains in precision were statistically significant in favor of the Rasch-based scoring, with 20% precision at admission and 19% precision at discharge.ConclusionRasch-based scoring was more precise in differentiating patient groups by discharge destination than the summative scoring used to measure upper limb function, especially at the extreme range of the scale.     

Knots and nonorientable surfaces in chiral nematics

Knots and knotted fields enrich physical phenomena ranging from DNA and molecular chemistry to the vortices of fluid flows and textures of ordered media. Liquid crystals provide an ideal setting for exploring such topological phenomena through control of their characteristic defects. The use of colloids in generating defects and knotted configurations in liquid crystals has been demonstrated for spherical and toroidal particles and shows promise for the development of novel photonic devices. Extending this existing work, we describe the full topological implications of colloids representing nonorientable surfaces and use it to construct torus knots and links of type (p,2) around multiply twisted Möbius strips.     

Managing critical incidents in grocery shopping by community-living people with Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Aim: People with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain in their ordinary housing and continue to use public space despite increasing disabilities. The aim of this study was to discover and describe problematic situations and critical incidents that took place when people with AD performed the ordinary outside-home activity of grocery shopping and how these were met by them. Methods: Individual interviews (n = 12) and participant observations (n = 8) with six informants were performed and analysed using a grounded theory approach. Results: The findings are presented in six categories and each category describes different critical incidents and actions used to meet these. The categories were: (a) Remembering to bring things when leaving home, (b) Finding the way to and from the grocery shop without getting lost, (c) Finding a way through traffic when not feeling safe, (d) Finding objects when organization is disrupted, (e) Choosing when a lot of objects and products are available, and (f) Finding a method to pay when payment opportunities are restricted. The core category, “A challenging and unstable process of meeting critical incidents in grocery shopping”, was characterised by reflections and creativity to achieve relative harmony in each critical incident. Conclusions: In conclusion, it is important that relatives and professionals take into account relevant actions to help people with AD coordinate with their environment.     

Effectiveness of Community Intervention in Improving Bone Health Behaviors in Older Adults

An 8-week, bone-health community program addressed risks/lifestyle changes within the Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action frameworks in a randomized format (treatment group n = 35; control group n = 34). Median week 1 values for calcium (control, 963 mg; treatment, 1023 mg) and vitamin D (81 IU both groups) were below recommendations, increasing throughout the program for both control (1023 mg calcium, 128 IU vitamin D) and treatment (1005 mg calcium, 122 IU vitamin D) groups. There was limited response to the exercise outcome variables, with many not participating in that section of the program. Psychosocial variables were positive for both control and treatment groups at week 1, with no significant difference at postintervention. Regression analysis indicated that those with a positive attitude about calcium intake and belief that they could choose calcium-fortified foods were more likely to have higher calcium intake. Intention to exercise was modified by peer and family support. Community-based programs can translate and use clinical trial key topics and outcomes, but participation bias makes impact results difficult to interpret the effectiveness of the program.