Currently used nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of viruses and atypicals in acute respiratory infections

For the detection of respiratory viruses conventional culture techniques are still considered as the gold standard. However, results are mostly available too late to have an impact on patient management. The latest developments include appropriate DNA- and RNA-based amplification techniques (both NASBA and PCR) for the detection of an extended number of agents responsible for LRTI. Real time amplification, the latest technical progress, produces, within a considerable shorter time, results with a lower risk of false positives. As results can be obtained within the same day, patient management with appropriate therapy or reduction of unnecessary antibiotic therapy in LRTI will be possible. A number of technical aspects of these amplification assays, and their advantages are discussed.The availability and use of these new diagnostic tools in virology has contributed to a better understanding of the role of respiratory viruses in LRTI. The increasing importance of the viral agents, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae in ARI is illustrated. A great proportion of ARI are caused by viruses, but their relative importance depends on the spectrum of agents covered by the diagnostic techniques and on the populations studied, the geographical location and the season. The discovery of new viruses is ongoing; examples are the hMPV and the increasing number of coronaviruses. Indications for the use of these rapid techniques in different clinical situations are discussed. Depending on the possibilities, the laboratory could optimize its diagnostic strategy by applying a combination of immunofluorescence for the detection of RSV an IFL, and a combination of real-time amplification tests for other respiratory viruses and the atypical agents. When implementing a strategy, a compromise between sensitivity, clinical utility, turn around time and cost will have to be found.     

利用密度的指数原理优化X射线中骨骼的边缘

利用指数衰减原理来抑制 x射线图像中小密度组织对骨骼边缘的影响 ,利用该方法很容易使用直方图原理提取出骨骼的边缘和内部结构变化的二值图 ,并有效地抑制了背景对骨骼边缘的影响 ,结合 canny算子的结果 ,可以有效地提取人体复杂结构中骨骼的边缘。     

Enhanced period-peak analysis of electro-encephalograms using a fast sinc function

In an effort to reduce the memory space and processing time required by fast Fourier transforms, enhanced period-peak detection is investigated. The method is based on a combination of Fourier transforms and period-peak detection. The signal is considered as a train of truncated sinusoidal functions. Each truncated sinusoidal function is limited by two successive local extrema. The Fourier transform of the truncated sinusoidal function is a sinc function. The summation of these sinc functions yields an approximate frequency spectrum of the signal.     

Functional aspects of serotonin transmission in the basal ganglia: a review and an in vivo approach using the push-pull cannula technique

Peripheral deafferentation of the rodent olfactory bulb results in loss of dopamine content, tyrosine hydroxylase activity and immunocytochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase in juxtaglomerular dopamine neurons. Reinnervation of the bulb by afferent neurons results in the return of all parameters to control levels suggesting that the dopamine neurons did not degenerate but that the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme was transneuronally regulated in a static population of juxtaglomerular cells. To evaluate this possibility, we determined the activity and immunocytochemical localization of the second enzyme in the dopamine biosynthetic pathway, DOPA decar?ylase. At a time when tyrosine hydroxylase activity was reduced to 25% of control values, DOPA decar?ylase activity in the lesioned bulb was maintained at about 65% of that in the unlesioned bulb. Immunocytochemical staining with antibodies to both enzymes, performed sequentially in the same sections, demonstrated that in the unlesioned bulb tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decar?ylase are co-localized in the same population of juxtaglomerular neurons. Similar results were obtained in adjacent sections each stained with one of the two antibodies. In contrast, in the deafferented bulb, about three times as many neurons were stained with DOPA decar?ylase as with tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies. The DOPA decar?ylase activity measurements and immunocytochemistry argue for the continued presence, in the lesioned olfactory bulb, of a population of tyrosine hydroxylase deficient dopamine neurons.The data suggest that olfactory receptor cell innervation transneuronally regulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase by mechanisms separate from those controlling the levels of DOPA decar?ylase.     

New spectral detection and elimination test algorithms of ECG and EOG artefacts in neonatal EEG recordings

New methods for the detection of ECG and EOG artefacts in the EEG are introduced, which can also be used for the evaluation of the quality of the elimination procedure. These algorithms are based on the estimation of the power or coherence spectrum by means of FFT. The advantage of this method is that the EEG spectrum is monitored by the test algorithm. The spectrum will be plotted if no influence of the ECG and EOG can be found. On the other hand, if artefacts are detected the correction of the EEG time series will be carried out and the spectrum of the corrected EEG time series will be plotted after repeated monitoring by the test algorithm.     

Rapid diagnosis of parasitic diseases: current scenario and future needs

Background

Parasitic diseases are one of the world's most devastating and prevalent infections, causing millions of morbidities and mortalities annually. In the past, many of these infections have been linked predominantly to tropical or subtropical areas. Nowadays, however, climatic and vector ecology changes, a significant increase in international travel, armed conflicts, and migration of humans and animals have influenced the transmission of some parasitic diseases from ‘book pages’ to reality in developed countries. It has also been noted that many patients who have never travelled to endemic areas suffer from blood-borne infections caused by protozoa. In the light of existing knowledge, this new trend can be explained by the fact that in the process of migration a large number of asymptomatic carriers become a part of the blood bank donor and transplant donor populations. Accurate and rapid diagnosis represents the crucial weapon in the fight against parasitic infections.

Wertigkeit der EKG-Telefon-Telemetrie in der Erfassung symptomatischer Herzrhythmus-Störungen

Summary The ECG-telephone-transmission (TTM) was used to record an ECG-strip during a typical symptomatic period in patients complaining of symptoms possibly caused by arrhythmias (palpitations, dizziness, paroxysm tachycardia, pulse irregularities; angina and dyspnea only if other reasons could be excluded). Patients complaining of syncope only were not admitted, because of the inability to make a telephon call successfully during such a symptomatic period. The ECG was transmitted to the CCU using a frequency modulation technique. In 60% of 196 patients an ECG-TTM could be achieved during a typical symptomatic period, whereas arrhythmias as cause for the symptoms could be excluded in 51 patients (26%). The remaining 66 patients (34%) demonstrated various arrhythmias ranging from simple SVPB and PVC to total AV-block and sustained VT.TTM, an easy-to-perform and cost-effective method allowed a successful ECG registration during a symptomatic period in almost two-thirds of symptomatic patients. In these patients arrhythmias could be verified or excluded as cause of the symptoms.

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Abkürzungsverzeichnis TTM EKG-Telefon-Telemetrie - HF Herzfrequenz - SA-Block sinu-aurikulärer Block - AV-Block atrio-ventrikulärer Block - SVES supraventrikuläre Extrasystole(n) - VES ventrikuläre Extrasysteole(n) - KHK koronare Herzkrankheit - VH-Flimmern Vorhof-Flimmern - parox. paroxysmal - C.C.I.T.T. Internationale Post-Organisation - Ö.P.T. Österreichische Post- u. Telegraphen-Verwaltung - LZ-EKG Langzeit-EKG     

Specifically associated PCR products probed by coincident detection of two-color cross-correlated fluorescence intensities in human gene polymorphisms of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase at site C677T: a novel measurement approach without follow-up mathematical analysis

Whole blood samples of known methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotypes from 24 individuals were examined at site C677T. Their amplified DNA products were assessed by two-color fluorescence cross-correlation measurements and agarose gel electrophoresis/capillary gel electrophoresis. DNA subpopulations were identified which were not associated with the proper genotype by primer combinations and cycling conditions called multiplexes. We confirmed that DNA analysis by two-color fluorescence cross-correlation measurements allowed the detection of fluorescence signals specifically associated with the proper genotypes in a mixture of amplified nontarget DNA molecules without DNA sizing. The measurement approach does not require complex, follow-up mathematical analysis and is applicable to any single nucleotide polymorphisms. The simple immunogenetic model showed how the approach works to reveal specific DNA target by preventing detection of nontarget DNA. Under those experimental conditions, a new ultrasensitive, and specific method for clinical immunologists is born.     

CPP-SOM整合cDNA基因芯片平台的建立

目的　在转录组水平全面迅速地了解疾病发生和药物作用的分子机理 ,以及寻找潜在的治疗靶标。方法　通过建立基因芯片平台 ,用全反式维甲酸诱导急性早幼粒细胞白血病来源的 NB4细胞分化作为模型 ,并应用自主开发的自组织图结合成分平面展示 (componentplane presentation integrated self-organizing map,CPP- SOM)的方法对数据进行初步分析。结果　建立的 c DNA芯片共有 12 6 30条克隆 ,其中已知基因 94 36条。应用该芯片进行实验 ,结果重复性好、准确性高。CPP- SOM不仅可以将功能相关的基因进行聚类 ,而且可以动态性地从全基因组水平观察药物作用过程中基因的表达变化。结论　我们建立的芯片平台是稳定、可靠的技术平台 ,CPP- SOM是一种新型有效的芯片数据的处理方法。     

Computer-Assisted Detection of Pulmonary Nodules: Preliminary Observations Using a Prototype System with Multidetector-Row CT Data Sets

The continued revolution in multidetector-row CT (MDCT) scanning increases the quality of lung imaging but at the cost of a greater burden of data for review and interpretation. This article discusses our preliminary experience with prototype software for lung nodule detection and characterization using MDCT data sets. We discuss the potential role of computer-assisted detection (CAD) as applied to the automatic detection of lung nodules. We also review the process of CAD, outline its potential results, and explore how it may fit into existing radiology practice. Finally, we discuss MDCT data-acquisition parameters and how they may affect the performance of CAD.