Copenhagen Pancreatitis Study

During the past 2 decades an increasing number of patients with pancreatitis have been admitted to the Copenhagen hospitals. For this reason all departments receiving such patients from the city of Copenhagen initiated the Copenhagen Pancreatitis Study (CPS), to provide a prospective recording of all pancreatitis patients from this geographical area and to conduct yearly follow-up studies of the patients. The aims of the CPS were, first, to establish data on the incidence, prevalence, and clinical characteristics of pancreatitis, and, second, to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic tests applied and to provide data on the natural history and the prognosis under current therapy. The present study is an interim report on 343 patients from the initial 1 1/2 years of the CPS. Pancreatitis patients are listed in four diagnostic groups: I. Possible acute pancreatitis; II. Acute pancreatitis; III. Possible chronic pancreatitis; IV. Chronic pancreatitis. The incidence rates per year per 100,000 citizens aged 20 years or more (population aged 20 years or more: 417,000) were as follows: total, 36.3; I, 6.2; II, 21.9; III, 4.2; IV, 4.0. The prevalence for the chronic types on 31 August 1979 per 100,000 citizens aged 20 years or more was as follows: total, 27.4; III, 14.4; IV, 13.0. Gallstones were found in 1/3 of the acute and 1/10 of the chronic cases. Alcohol consumption was more than 50g/day in nearly half of the patients. Acute pancreatitis was dominated by a high leukocyte count, hyperbilirubinaemia, raised aminotransferases and blood glucose levels, and low albumin and calcium levels in serum. In chronic pancreatitis 1/3 had steatorrhoea; 1/6 regularly used morphine, and 1/4 had impaired liver function. It is concluded that the incidence rates of acute and chronic pancreatitis in Copenhagen seem to be higher than those reported elsewhere; however, differences in diagnostic criteria may play a role. The clinical and laboratory findings are in agreement with other studies.     

Is Duodenal Bile Representative of Gallbladder Bile: A Comparative Study

Thirty-nine patients with cholelithiasis were prospectively studied to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative differences between duodenal bile and gallbladder bile. Duodenal bile obtained before cholecystectomy by nasoduodenal intubation and ceruletide injection was qualitatively similar to gallbladder bile obtained during surgery. Microscopic cholesterol crystals as an indicator of cholesterol gallstones (n = 35) could be detected in 31 (89%) and 35 (100%; p = NS), respectively. Moreover, there was no difference in the molar percentage of three biliary lipids and the mean cholesterol saturation index (1.54 0.72 and 1.74 0.42; p = NS) of the two sources of bile. Duodenal bile was, however, dilute as compared with gallbladder bile, as evidenced by lower cholesterol crystal counts (167 247 versus 705 978;p< 0.01), lower total lipid concentration (5.8 2.7 versus 11.1 5.6 g/dl;p < 0.001), and lower concentrations (in mmol/l) of the three bile lipids–that is, total bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol (p < 0.001). Good concentrated bile (total lipid concentration =5 g/dl) could be obtained in 74% of duodenal bile samples, compared with 90% of gallbladder bile (p = NS). Our study shows that, although duodenal bile is dilute as compared with gallbladder bile, it is qualitatively similar to gallbladder bile and, because of the ease and safety of its collection, can be used to study serial alterations in biliary composition in individual subjects.     

纤维胆道镜治疗胆道残余结石573例临床分析

目的探讨纤维胆道镜治疗胆道术后残余结石的方法及价值。方法回顾分析2003年1月-2012年12月应用纤维胆道镜治疗术后胆管残余结石573例患者的临床资料。结果 573例患者中536例取净结石,取净率93.5%。取石次数1～7次,平均为（2.36±1.45）次。治疗期间一过性发热23例（4.0%）,腹泻42例（7.3%）,并发胆道出血7例（1.2%）,胰腺炎3例（0.5%）,窦道穿孔5例（0.9%）,均经保守治疗痊愈。结论纤维胆道镜技术是治疗术后胆管残余结石的安全、有效方法,应作为常规技术推广普及。     

肝内外胆管结石的综合诊断与治疗

目前针对肝内外胆管结石的检查及治疗手段很多,如何选择恰当的检查手段并制定合适的治疗方案,值得探讨。首先要了解不同检查方法的优缺点,明确患者肝胆管结石分布范围;有无合并胆管狭窄;有无合并胆管变异;有无结石相关的并发症发生等。需充分评价患者的身体状态,病程的进展情况,病情的严重程度,病变累及的范围,针对不同的患者选择适合的治疗方案。手术治疗是治疗胆管结石的主要方法,做到取净结石,解除梗阻,去除病灶,通畅引流。在病情允许的情况下尽量采用最小的创伤为患者解除病痛。     

Gallstone recurrence after direct contact dissolution with methyltert-butyl ether

To determine the rate and characteristics of gallstone recurrence after direct contact dissolution with methyltert-butyl ether, 60 consecutive patients were followed for up to 4.5 years (median 2.2 years) after complete disappearance of all stone residues and debris and cessation of adjuvant bile acid therapy. Initial gallstones had been multiple in all but four patients. Twenty-eight of the 60 patients developed recurrent gallstones. The cumulative risk of gallstone recurrence (actuarial analysis) was 23±6%, 34±7%, 55±8%, and 70±9% at one, two, three, and four years, respectively. The recurrent stones were usually multiple and small (6±4 mm). Gallstone recurrence was associated with recurrent biliary pain in two patients, one of whom developed acute cholecystitis. Recurrent stones were cleared completely by bile acid medication with or without shock-wave lithotripsy in 61±15% of patients at one year (actuarial analysis). In conclusion, gallstone recurrence after successful contact dissolution of multiple stones with methyltert-butyl ether has to be expected in a high percentage of patients. Most patients, however, remain free of biliary pain during long-term follow-up.     

Gallbladder stone recurrence after medical treatment do gallstones recur true to type?

Medical treatments that dissolve or remove gallbladder stones but leave the gallbladder in situ have the disadvantage of gallstone recurrence. Little is known about the composition of recurrent stones or whether they recur true to type. In 21 patients with recurrent stones detected 5–74 months (mean ±sem, 26±4 months) after being rendered stone-free with dissolution therapy (N=15) or percutaneous cholecystolithotomy (N=6), we compared pretreatment and postrecurrence gallstone number, maximum gallstone attenuation scores measured by computed tomography (CT) and, in 13, the dissolvability of the recurrent stones with oral bile acids ± extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. Before treatment, five patients had solitary and 16 had multiple stones but on recurrence, the gallstones differed in number from the primary stones in 10 of the 21 patients. As a result of patient selection, before dissolution, the primary stones were all radiolucent with maximum CT scores of <100 Hounsfield units (HU) (mean 45, range 10–84 HU). On recurrence, the stones were again CT-lucent in 13 of the 15 patients but were CT-dense in the remaining two (118 and 176 HU). Initially, all six patients treated by percutaneous cholecystolithotomy had radio-opaque stones, with a mean CT score of 459 (range 100–969) HU. However, on recurrence, only one had calcified stones (HU 140); the remaining five had CT-lucent stones (16–98 HU,P<0.05). Of the 13 patients whose recurrent, plain x-ray-lucent and CT-lucent stones were treated with oral bile acids ± lithotripsy, 12 (92%) showed evidence of gallstone dissolution. We conclude that gallbladder stones do not recur true to type in up to two thirds of patients. However, irrespective of original gallstone composition, recurrent stones are usually radio- and CT-lucent, presumed cholesterol-rich, and therefore potentially dissolvable with oral bile acids.     

孤立性左肝胆管结石并肝管狭窄的外科治疗

目的总结近２０年来孤立性左肝胆管结石并发左肝胆管狭窄的临床治疗体会．方法原发性肝胆管结石１０１８例，年龄２７～７２岁，其中孤立性左肝胆管结石１３３例，手术治疗１１２例，对其临床资料进行回顾性分析，包括各肝管狭窄并发率，术前各项检查确诊率，手术治疗方式，再狭窄率．结果左肝管狭窄的发生率为５９８％，左外肝管和左内肝管分别为８４０％和８４８％，均以重度狭窄为主．狭窄切开整形后高位胆肠吻合术是处理左肝管狭窄的常用手术方式（５２２％），远期再狭窄率为１７１％；左半肝切除术施实率为１９４％，再狭窄率为００％；狭窄整形术和狭窄扩张术的施实率分别为９０％和１９４％，再狭窄率分别为５００％和９２３％．左外肝管狭窄通常采用肝段或肝叶切除术（７８７％），而左内肝管狭窄的处理则通常采用非左半肝切除术（８４８％）．左内肝管狭窄的术前／后影像学确诊率明显低于左肝管和左外肝管，平均确诊率依次２５９％，９３３％和８７９％．结论二级肝管狭窄是孤立性左肝管结石的常见并发症，肝叶或肝段切除术是其首选治疗原则．过多依赖非肝叶／段切除术和不适当的肝段切除术是遗留狭窄和远期疗效差的重要原因     

Meta-analysis of one- vs. two-stage laparoscopic/endoscopic management of common bile duct stones

Background

The present study is a meta-analysis of English articles comparing one-stage [laparoscopic common bile duct exploration or intra-operative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)] vs. two-stage (laparoscopic cholecystectomy preceded or followed by ERCP) management of common bile duct stones.

Methods

MEDLINE/PubMed and Science Citation Index databases (1990–2011) were searched for randomized, controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. Outcomes were calculated as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using RevMan 5.1.

Results

Nine trials with 933 patients were studied. No significant differences was observed between the two groups with regard to bile duct clearance (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.65–1.21), mortality (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.32–4.52), total morbidity (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.53–1.06), major morbidity (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.60–1.52) and the need for additional procedures (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 0.76–3.30).

Conclusions

Outcomes after one-stage laparoscopic/endoscopic management of bile duct stones are no different to the outcomes after two-stage management.     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管的胆总管探查取石术治疗肝外胆道结石

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管的胆总管探查取石术治疗肝外胆道结石的临床应用效果。方法应用该方法治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石26例，总结其临床资料。结果经胆囊管途径取石成功率为24／26，1例因胆囊管变异，1例导丝插入胆总管未成功，中转为胆总管切开术。术中扩张时无胆管撕裂，术后无腹腔出血、胆漏发生，无围手术期死亡。术后住院时间4-8d.结论对于胆囊结石合并继发性肝外胆管结石的病例，在采用腹腔镜下1次手术的方式治疗时，应首先考虑经胆囊管途径，以争取更小创伤以便更快地恢复。