支气管扩张剂对老年阻塞性气道疾病的治疗现状

 阻塞性气道疾病（如COPD、哮喘）是老年人的常见病,随增龄出现的解剖、心理和生理上的一些变化会对这类疾病的治疗产生影响,而同时伴有的其他系统的慢性疾病也会对这类疾病的药物治疗产生影响。支气管扩张剂是治疗这类疾病的基本药物,但即便是吸入剂型也会出现局部甚至全身的不良反应。由于增龄而出现的药物吸收、代谢、分布、排泄方面的改变会导致老年阻塞性气道疾病患者出现与年轻患者不同的药物反应。文中从老年人药动学特点、常见支气管扩张剂包括β2受体激动剂、抗胆碱药、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂的作用机制、体内外活性、安全性等方面综述支气管扩张剂对老年阻塞性气道疾病的治疗进展。     

有创机械通气对突发致死性哮喘疗效的影响

目的：探讨有创机械通气对突发致死性哮喘（SFA）治疗效果的影响。方法：回顾性分析2001年1月至2011年12月广东省梅州市丰顺县人民医院收治的42例SFA患者的临床资料,根据治疗方式不同分非机械通气组（27例）和机械通气组（15例）,比较两组患者治疗后血气变化及症状缓解情况。结果：非机械通气组患者症状缓解平均时间为（90±20）min;机械通气组患者平均上机时间为（6±2）h。非机械通气组患者血气改善较机械通气组快（P〈0．05）。结论：迅速有效地应用支气管扩张剂,对SFA具有较好疗效,而机械通气可则能延长血气改善和症状缓解所需时间。     

Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Treatment options for COPD have evolved rapidly in the last decade and inhaled bronchodilators have largely supplanted the use of oral bronchodilators because of their increased efficacy and excellent safety with topical delivery to the lung. Recently added to the therapeutic armamentarium are fixed-dose combinations (FDC) of two long acting bronchodilators. LAMAs (long acting muscarinic antagonists) and LABAs (long acting beta agonists) are the main classes available and use different pathways to effectively produce bronchial smooth muscle relaxation.

Areas covered: The most recent inhaled FDC LAMA/LABA to come to market is Aclidinium Bromide and Formoterol Fumarate. We searched databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and manufacturers’ websites and retrieved all the randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) conducted with these drugs up to September 2019.

Expert opinion: It is likely that FDCs will become the core of our COPD pharmacotherapy for all but the mildest COPD patients. These individual drugs have excellent efficacy and safety records for the maintenance treatment of COPD. Studies have demonstrated that twice daily treatment with aclidinium/formoterol resulted in significant improvement in lung function and an improved exercise tolerance when compared to placebo. Adverse effects are within the range of what is seen with other LAMA/LABA combinations.     

Impact of laughter on air trapping in severe chronic obstructive lung disease

Static and dynamic hyperinflation is an important factor of exertional dyspnea in patients with severe COPD. This proof-of-concept intervention trial sought to study whether laughter can reduce hyperinflation through repetitive expiratory efforts in patients with severe COPD. For small groups of patients with severe COPD (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 10) Pello the clown performed a humor intervention triggering regular laughter. Plethysmography was done before and up to 24 hours after intervention. Laughing and smiling were quantified with video-analysis. Real-time breathing pattern was assessed with the LifeShirt™, and the psychological impact of the intervention was monitored with self-administered questionnaires. The intervention led to a reduction of TLC in COPD (p = 0.04), but not in controls (p = 0.9). TLC reduction was due to a decline of the residual volume. Four (22 [CI 95% 7 to 46] %) patients were ≥10% responders. The frequency of smiling and TLC at baseline were independent predictors of TLC response. The humor intervention improved cheerfulness, but not seriousness nor bad mood. In conclusion, smiling induced by a humor intervention was able to reduce hyperinflation in patients with severe COPD. A smiling-derived breathing technique might complement pursed-lips breathing in patients with symptomatic obstruction.     

Design and synthesis of 1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives as PDE 4B inhibitors endowed with bronchodilator activity

A series of 1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives was designed, synthesized, and screened for their phosphodiesterase (PDE 4B) inhibitory activity and bronchodilation ability. Compound 7e showed 41.80% PDE 4B inhibition at 10 µM. Eight compounds were screened for their bronchodilator activity, where compounds 7f and 7e elicited promising bronchodilator activity with EC₅₀ values of 18.6 and 57.1 µM, respectively, compared to theophylline (EC₅₀ = 425 µM). Molecular docking at the PDE 4B active site revealed a binding mode and docking scores comparable to those of a reference ligand, consistent with their PDE 4B inhibition activity.     

Formoterol fumarate inhalation solution (Perforomist™) for COPD

Formoterol fumarate is an effective treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with moderate or greater severity of airflow obstruction. Published studies indicate that formoterol has a rapid onset of bronchodilation, which may enhance compliance, and sustained bronchodilation over 12 h, which produces a cumulative effect when inhaled twice daily. With long-term use, formoterol fumarate increases trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s and improves measures of hyperinflation, which correlate with relief of symptoms and a decreased need for additional short-acting bronchodilators as rescue treatment. The combination of formoterol with anticholinergic bronchodilators, especially the long-acting anticholinergic tiotropium, appears to further improve bronchodilation, decrease hyperinflation, improve symptoms and decrease the need for rescue therapy, compared with either agent alone. The availability of formoterol fumarate inhalation solution (Perforomist?) for treatment of COPD now extends these benefits to patients who prefer nebulizer therapy and/or cannot use metered-dose or dry-powder inhalers effectively.     

Acute severe asthma

Acute exacerbations of asthma are very common reasons for a presentation to emergency departments. This paper focuses on defining the high‐risk group, consideration of the concept of phenotypes of acute asthma, the assessment of severe and life‐threatening exacerbations and an emphasis on the management of the more severe end of the exacerbation severity. A number of evidence‐based guidelines exist throughout the world and are all slightly different. This reflects the poor evidence base for some of those recommendations. Thus, a large variation of treatment drugs, doses and regimen are used and clearly not standardised. This paper aims to present a summary of the best evidence and discuss some of these controversies. The most important aspect of treating an exacerbation of acute asthma is to review regularly and assess response to treatment. Severe and life‐threatening episodes should be treated with early use of intravenous treatment in a stepwise manner following the local guidelines. Non‐invasive ventilation and high flow nasal cannulae delivery of oxygen in the emergency department are evolving modalities, but evidence for their use is currently limited.     

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??Nebulized bronchodilator can relieve the airway to improve the ventilation.In order to standardize the use of nebulized bronchodilators in children. In this paper we focus on drugs currently used asnebulization bronchodilators in children??evaluate the requirement for nebulized bronchodilator in children and the effect of nebulized bronchodilator therapy on the patients with different respiratory disease.