Vital signs of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in adult patients with acute infections presenting in out-of-hours primary care: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundSigns of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) – fever (or hypothermia), tachycardia and tachypnoea – are used in the hospital setting to identify patients with possible sepsis.ObjectivesTo determine how frequently abnormalities in the vital signs of SIRS are present in adult out-of-hours (OOH) primary care patients with suspected infections and assess the association with acute hospital referral.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study at the OOH GP cooperative in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, between August and October 2015. GPs were instructed to record the body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate of all patients with suspected acute infections. Vital signs of SIRS, other relevant signs and symptoms, and referral state were extracted from the electronic registration system of the OOH GP cooperative retrospectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between clinical signs and hospital referral.ResultsA total of 558 patients with suspected infections were included. At least two SIRS vital signs were abnormal in 35/409 (8.6%) of the clinic consultations and 60/149 (40.3%) of the home visits. Referral rate increased from 13% when no SIRS vital sign was abnormal to 68% when all three SIRS vital signs were abnormal. Independent associations for referral were found for decreased oxygen saturation, hypotension and rapid illness progression, but not for individual SIRS vital signs.ConclusionAlthough patients with abnormal vital signs of SIRS were referred more often, decreased oxygen saturation, hypotension and rapid illness progression seem to be most important for GPs to guide further management.     

5种肥胖指标对不同性别及年龄组高血压的预测效果比较

目的 比较不同肥胖指标对不同性别、年龄人群高血压风险的预测价值。方法 基于深圳市龙华区2018年社区居民健康调查数据,对体质指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、腰围身高比（WHtR）、腰臀比（WHR）和人体肥胖指数（BAI）共5种肥胖指标进行标准化转换,根据Logistic回归分析所得OR值,比较各肥胖指标与高血压的相关性;根据受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积（AUC）,判断各肥胖指标对高血压的预测价值,进而综合评价各肥胖指标对高血压的预测能力。结果 在调整混杂因素后,WC和WHtR与男性和女性高血压的相关性强于其他肥胖指标。WHtR对于男性和女性高血压的预测能力均强于其他肥胖指标,其AUC及95%CI分别为0.694（0.659~0.728）和0.763（0.732~0.794）,其截断值分别为0.51和0.50;女性中各肥胖指标预测高血压的AUC均大于男性,各肥胖指标对女性高血压有更高的预测价值。对男女进行年龄分层后,在男性中除WHR外各肥胖指标对于青年组（18~44岁）高血压的预测价值优于中年组（45~59岁）和老年组（60~80岁）;在女性中各肥胖指标对于高血压的预测价值随着年龄的增长而降低,依次为青年组>中年组>老年组。结论 在综合考虑性别和年龄后,中心型肥胖指标中的WHtR对高血压的预测能力优于WC、BMI、WHR和BAI。     

无创高频振荡通气在极低出生体重早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征初始呼吸支持治疗中的应用

目的探讨经鼻无创高频振荡通气(NHFOV),在呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)极低出生体重早产儿初始呼吸支持治疗的临床疗效。 方法选择2018年2月至2020年4月,于徐州市中心医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)治疗的92例RDS极低出生体重早产儿为研究对象。采用随机数字表法,将其分为NHFOV组(n＝48,采取NHFOV治疗)及经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)组(n＝44,采取NCPAP治疗)。对2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿一般临床资料,无创通气治疗前、后动脉血气分析指标,疗效,呼吸支持治疗相关并发症发生率及患儿死亡率,采用成组t检验、χ²检验及Mann-Whitney U检验进行统计学比较。本研究经徐州市中心医院医学伦理委员会审核批准(审批文号：XZXY-LJ-20170328-006),并且与患儿监护人均签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果①一般临床资料比较：2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿的性别、出生胎龄与体重及生后1、5 min Apgar评分,入院日龄及分娩前24 h母亲糖皮质激素使用率等一般临床资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。② 2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿动脉血气分析指标组间比较：NHFOV组RDS极低出生体重早产儿无创通气治疗后1 h、24 h动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO₂)分别为(45.8±6.5) mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa)及(40.8±4.7) mmHg,均显著低于NCPAP组的(49.3±5.7) mmHg及(44.2±5.2) mmHg;治疗后1 h、24 h动脉血氧分压(PaO₂)与吸入氧浓度分数(FiO₂)比值(P/F)分别为(198.8±30.5) mmHg及(215.1±32.1) mmHg,均显著高于NCPAP组的(176.4±28.1) mmHg及(190.0±29.7) mmHg,并且上述差异均有统计学意义(t＝2.809、3.301、3.663、3.881,P＝0.003、<0.001、<0.001、<0.001)。③2组动脉血气分析指标分别进行组内比较均为：无创通气治疗后24 h的pH值及治疗后1、24 h的PaCO₂水平,均较治疗前改善,而且治疗后24 h的P/F值高于治疗后1 h,并且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。④无创通气疗效比较：NHFOV组RDS极低出生体重早产儿无创通气治疗后,肺表面活性剂(PS)使用率及有创机械通气率(22.9%、6.3%),均显著低于NCPAP组(45.5%、20.5%),并且差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝5.219、4.084,P＝0.022、0.043)。2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿无创通气时间、柠檬酸咖啡因使用率、频繁呼吸暂停发生率及总用氧时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。⑤2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿鼻损伤、肺气漏、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、Ⅲ~Ⅳ级脑室内出血(IVH)、早产儿视网膜病(ROP)(≥Ⅱ期)及支气管肺发育不良(BPD)发生率,以及患儿死亡率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论与NCPAP比较,NHFOV用于RDS极低出生体重早产儿初始呼吸支持治疗,能改善氧合、减少二氧化碳(CO₂)潴留、减少有创机械通气及PS使用,同时不增加呼吸支持治疗相关并发症发生。     

大学生男男性行为者社会网络特征与多性伴的相关性研究

目的 了解长沙市大学生男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men, MSM)的社会网络特征与多性伴之间的相关性,为制定更有针对性的艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据。 方法 运用横断面研究设计,于2017年9月—2018年3月,在长沙市通过连续样本抽样及滚雪球抽样法招募大学生MSM,并进行匿名问卷调查。 结果 有效调查214人,共提名800名社交网络成员和430名性网络成员。多性伴MSM占47.6%。社交网络大小、社交网络密度的中位数和四分位数分别为6(3.75, 6)、0.1(0, 0.5)。性网络大小的中位数和四分位数为2(2,3),性网络密度为0。经多因素logistic回归分析发现,做过HIV检测(OR=2.688, 95%CI:1.336~5.407)、有偶然性伴 (OR=2.409, 95%CI=1.619~3.583)、社交网络大于5人(OR=2.163, 95%CI=1.093~4.280)、性网络与社交网络重合程度高者(OR=0.624, 95%CI=0.412~0.945),有2个或以上性伴的可能性大。 结论 大学生MSM多性伴行为普遍,且与部分社会网络特征相关,建议通过同伴进行社会网络干预,预防大学生MSM群体中HIV传播。     

广西农村暗娼安全套坚持使用情况及影响因素分析

目的 了解广西农村地区暗娼人群商业性行为时安全套使用情况及影响因素, 为制定暗娼艾滋病综合干预措施提供参考依据。 方法 采用多级抽样的方法,2019年4—6月在国家和省级暗娼哨点招募农村暗娼进行横断面问卷调查,调查内容包括场所位置、一般人口学信息、艾滋病知识、性行为特征及安全套使用等。用多因素非条件logistic 回归方法分析最近一个月坚持使用安全套的相关因素。 结果 2019年共调查农村暗娼1 350人,平均年龄(42.71±8.62)岁,艾滋病知识知晓率为95.63%(1 291/1 530),最近一次商业性性行为使用安全套比例为94.72%(1 274/1 345),最近一个月商业性性行为每次均使用安全套的比例为87.85%(1 186/1 350)。多因素非条件logistic 回归显示,知晓艾滋病知识(OR=14.857,95%CI:8.196～26.932)是安全套坚持使用的促进因素;交易场所为村屯(OR=0.180,95%CI:0.106～0.304)、30岁及以上年龄(30～岁组,OR=0.275,95%CI:0.090～0.841;50～岁组,OR=0.131,95%CI:0.042～0.407)是安全套坚持使用的障碍因素。 结论 应进一步加强对农村地区、大年龄暗娼人群安全套推广使用等综合干预力度。     

Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescents with PCR-Confirmed Infection but with Undetectable SARS-CoV-2–Specific IgG

We investigated immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among a group of convalescent, potential blood donors in Germany who had PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sixty days after onset of symptoms, 13/78 (17%) study participants had borderline or negative results to an ELISA detecting IgG against the S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed participants with PCR-confirmed infection who had strong antibody responses (ratio >3) as positive controls and participants without symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and without household contact with infected patients as negative controls. Using interferon-γ ELISpot, we observed that 78% of PCR-positive volunteers with undetectable antibodies showed T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We observed a similar frequency (80%) of T-cell immunity in convalescent donors with strong antibody responses but did not detect immunity in negative controls. We concluded that, in convalescent patients with undetectable SARS-CoV-2 IgG, immunity may be mediated through T cells.     

Territorywide Study of Early Coronavirus Disease Outbreak,Hong Kong,China

Initial cases of coronavirus disease in Hong Kong were imported from mainland China. A dramatic increase in case numbers was seen in February 2020. Most case-patients had no recent travel history, suggesting the presence of transmission chains in the local community. We collected demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic data from 50 patients, who accounted for 53.8% of total reported case-patients as of February 28, 2020. We performed whole-genome sequencing to determine phylogenetic relationship and transmission dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections. By using phylogenetic analysis, we attributed the community outbreak to 2 lineages; 1 harbored a common mutation, Orf3a-G251V, and accounted for 88.0% of the cases in our study. The estimated time to the most recent common ancestor of local coronavirus disease outbreak was December 24, 2019, with an evolutionary rate of 3.04 × 10⁻³ substitutions/site/year. The reproduction number was 1.84, indicating ongoing community spread.     

Waning Antibody Responses in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection

We investigated the kinetics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neutralizing antibodies in 7 asymptomatic persons and 11 patients with pneumonia. The geometric mean titer of neutralizing antibodies declined from 219.4 at 2 months to 143.7 at 5 months after infection, indicating a waning antibody response.     

Risk for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Healthcare Workers,Turin, Italy

We measured severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein subunits S1/S2 antibodies by using capillary electrophoresis and a chemiluminescence immunoassay for 5,444 active healthcare workers in Italy. Seroprevalence was 6.9% and higher among participants having contact with patients. Seroconversion was not observed in 37/213 previously infected participants.     

Postmortem Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharyngeal Mucosa

Analyses of infection chains have demonstrated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is highly transmissive. However, data on postmortem stability and infectivity are lacking. Our finding of nasopharyngeal viral RNA stability in 79 corpses showed no time-dependent decrease. Maintained infectivity is supported by virus isolation up to 35 hours postmortem.