草甘膦对党参生长 根腐病及根际土壤微生物的影响

目的 探究除草剂草甘膦对党参生长、根腐病发生和药用成分的影响及可能的土壤微生态机制。方法 调查同一地块中草甘膦处理组和对照组党参的存苗数、鲜质量和发病情况,采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定党参炔苷含量、分光光度法测定多糖含量,采用扩增子技术测定根际土壤微生物群落变化。结果 施用草甘膦能够显著降低党参的存苗数（P<0.05）,对党参地上部生长有一定抑制作用;根腐病发病率及病情指数高于对照组,分别增加了34.51%和34.81%（P<0.05）;党参炔苷和多糖的含量降低。另外,草甘膦处理对党参根际土壤微生物的多样性及真菌群落结构影响较小,但细菌群落中伯克霍尔德氏菌目（Burkholderiales）和鞘脂单胞菌目（Sphingomonadales）显著增加（P<0.05）。结论 施用草甘膦对党参生长有一定抑制作用,导致根腐病加重,这可能与部分根际细菌的相对丰度变化有关。     

氮、磷和钾肥对灯盏花生长和有效成分积累的影响

目的 探讨N、P和K肥在植物生物量和黄酮类次生代谢产物积累中的影响作用,揭示药用植物生物量积累与次生代谢有效成分积累的关系,为建立合理的施用技术提供理论基础.方法 以尿素、磷酸和氯化钾3种N、P和K肥按正交设计组成3因素3水平的9个处理组合.用盆栽法比较灯盏花开花植株的生物量、总咖啡酸酯和灯盏乙素的量.结果 生物量适宜高N、P和K施肥量组合,有效成分量则偏向低施肥量组合.3肥素中,N作用最强,对生物量积累具有显著的促进作用,对有效成分积累有显著的抑制作用,对有效成分产量的作用不显著.P对有效成分量的作用高于K,但对生物量的影响低于K.K对有效成分产量的作用最大.结论 N、P和K施肥提高灯盏花药材生物产量时将会导致黄酮等次生代谢有效成分量下降,但可提高其产量.     

不同光照强度和培养时间下铁皮石斛类原球茎生物量、多糖和生物碱量的动态变化

目的探讨不同光照强度下铁皮石斛类原球茎(PLBs)生物量、主要药用成分多糖和生物碱的动态变化规律。方法以MS为基本培养基,采用光照强度单因素试验设计,烘干法测定生物量,苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖量,酸性染料比色法测定生物碱量,数据采用SPSS 16.0软件包分析。结果铁皮石斛PLBs生物量在光照强度≥2 000 lx下培养40～50 d均较高,生产上需要PLBs维持旺盛的分裂,获得最高生物量的培养条件为光照强度2 000 lx条件下培养40 d,生物量达到0.74 g;多糖量以光照强度2 000 lx下培养30 d最高,达到16.88%;生物碱量以光照强度500 lx下培养30 d最佳,达到0.028 0%。结论不同的光照强度和培养时间对铁皮石斛PLBs的生长、多糖和生物碱的变化有显著影响,适宜的光照强度和培养时间对铁皮石斛主要药用成分的生产具有重要的实践意义。     

Analysis of the Effect of Fe2O3 Addition in the Combustion of a Wood-Based Fuel

A comparative study was carried out of emissions from the catalytic combustion of pellets made from furniture board waste and pellets made from wood mixed with Fe₂O₃. The mass content of the Fe₂O₃ catalyst in the fuel was varied from 0% to 5%, 10%, and 15% in relation to the total dry mass weight of the pellets. The average flame temperature in the boiler was between 730 and 800 °C. The effect of the catalyst concentration in the fuel was analysed with respect to the contents of O₂, CO₂, CO, H_2, and NO_x in the flue gas and the combustion quality of the pellets in the heating boiler. Changes in the CO₂ content and the proportion of unburned combustible components in the combustion residue were assessed. It was established that an increase in the Fe₂O₃ content of the prepared fuels had a positive effect on reducing NO_x, CO, and H₂ emissions. However, the proportion of iron oxide in the tested fuel pellets did not significantly influence changes in their combustion quality. A strong effect of the addition of Fe₂O₃ on the reduction of the average NOx content in the flue gas occurred with the combustion of furniture board fuel, from 51.4 ppm at 0% Fe₂O₃ to 7.7 ppm for an additive content of 15%. Based on the analysis of the residue in the boiler ash pan, the amount of unburned combustibles relative to their input amounts was found to be 0.09–0.22% for wood pellets and 0.50–0.31% for furniture board waste pellets.     

The Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and the Source Biomass on the Properties of Biochar Produced for the Agronomical Applications as the Soil Conditioner

Biochar is a versatile carbon-rich organic material originating from pyrolyzed biomass residues that possess the potential to stabilize organic carbon in the soil, improve soil fertility and water retention, and enhance plant growth. For the utilization of biochar as a soil conditioner, the mutual interconnection of the physicochemical properties of biochar with the production conditions used during the pyrolysis (temperature, heating rate, residence time) and the role of the origin of used biomass seem to be crucial. The aim of the research was focused on a comparison of the properties of biochar samples (originated from oat brans, mixed woodcut, corn residues and commercial compost) produced at different temperatures (400–700 °C) and different residence times (10 and 60 min). The results indicated similar structural features of produced biochar samples; nevertheless, the original biomass showed differences in physicochemical properties. The morphological and structural analysis showed well-developed aromatic porous structures for biochar samples originated from oat brans, mixed woodcut and corn residues. The higher pyrolysis temperature resulted in lower yields; however, it provided products with higher content of organic carbon and a more developed surface area. The lignocellulose biomass with higher contents of lignin is an attractive feedstock material for the production of biochar with potential agricultural applications.     

干旱胁迫对金樱子幼苗叶片生理指标及生物量的影响

目的明确不同干旱胁迫程度对金樱子幼苗叶片生理指标及生物量变化的影响,为金樱子大面积人工种植的干旱诊断和合理灌溉提供理论依据。方法设置盆栽土壤含水量分别达到田间含水率的100%、90%、80%、70%、60%、50%6个水平,测定不同干旱胁迫下金樱子叶片丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、光合色素含量及生物量指标。结果随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,金樱子叶片MDA、Pro含量分别至重度干旱(W5,田间含水率60%)、严重干旱(W6,田间含水率50%)时才显著升高;光合色素含量除Car/(Chla+Chlb)比值外,均在轻中度干旱(W3,田间含水率80%)处理时达顶峰;株高在W6时才显著下降,地茎在W3时升至最大;根、茎、叶的鲜质量和干质量也是在W3时达到最大值。结论金樱子对干旱胁迫的抗逆性较强,在轻中度干旱(W3,田间含水率的80%)时植株生长达到最佳状态,最有利于干物质积累及产量的形成。而田间含水率不宜低于60%,否则产生胁迫,同时生物产量也下降明显。     

Combinations of laxatives and green banana biomass on the treatment of functional constipation in children and adolescents: a randomized study

Objectives

Evaluate the effect of combinations of green banana biomass and laxatives in children and adolescents with chronic constipation.

Biomass smoke exposures: toxicology and animal study design

Aerosol deposition efficiency (DE) in the extrathoracic airways during mouth breathing is currently documented only for the inspiratory phase of respiration, and there is a need for quantification of expiratory DE. Our aim was to study both inspiratory and expiratory DE in a realistic upper airway geometry. This was done experimentally on a physical upper airway cast by scintigraphy, and numerically by computational fluid dynamic simulations using a Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method with a k-ω SST turbulence model coupled with a stochastic Lagrangian approach. Experiments and simulations were carried out for particle sizes (3 and 6?µm) and flow rates (30 and 60?L/min) spanning the ranges of Stokes (Stk) and Reynolds (Re) number pertinent to therapeutic and environmental aerosols. We showed that inspiratory total deposition data obtained by scintigraphy fell onto a previously published deposition curve representative of a range of upper airway geometries. We also found that expiratory and inspiratory DE curves were almost identical. Finally, DE in different compartments of the upper airway model showed a very different distribution pattern of aerosol deposition during inspiration and expiration, with preferential deposition in oral and pharyngeal compartments, respectively. These compartmental deposition patterns were very consistent and only slightly dependent on particle size or flow rate. Total deposition for inspiration and expiration was reasonably well-mimicked by the RANS simulation method we employed, and more convincingly so in the upper range of the Stk and Re number. However, compartmental deposition patterns showed discrepancies between experiments and RANS simulations, particularly during expiration.