Perthes disease: a survey of management amongst members of the British Society for Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery (BSCOS)

The treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease remains controversial. The aim of this survey was to ascertain the current management strategies of this condition amongst UK paediatric orthopaedic surgeons, with particular regard to containment procedures in the fragmentation phase. Questionnaires were distributed at the January 2006 meeting of the British Society for Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery (BSCOS) and was posted to all absent members. The results showed a great deal of variability not only in the treatment of Perthes disease, but also in the decision-making processes. Consideration must now be given to a carefully constructed national multi-centre prospective randomised controlled study into the optimum management of this disease     

Computer-assisted Magerl's transarticular screw fixation for atlantoaxial subluxation

We report two patients with rheumatoid arthritis in whom posterior atlantoaxial fixation was carried out using transarticular screws with computer assistance. Two bilateral transarticular screws were inserted in one patient; however, in the other patient, only a unilateral screw was used, because computerized images showed that the vertebral artery at the other side was placed too medially to allow insertion of the screw. Neither of these patients had any neurovascular complications after surgery. Computer-assisted surgery is useful for avoiding neurovascular complications with transarticular screw fixation of C1-2. Received: January 26, 2001 / Accepted: August 13, 2001     

难复型寰枢椎脱位的手术治疗

目的探讨后路寰枢椎弓根钉棒系统在难复型寰枢椎脱位的临床应用。方法 18例难复型寰枢椎脱位患者,采用后路寰枢椎弓根钉棒系统,进行寰枢椎部分撑开后提拉复位,固定及植骨融合,其中单纯固定融合14例,加行颈椎管成压术者4例。结果本组平均手术时间2.8(1.8～3.6)h,平均出血量380(150～680)ml,均无术中、术后并发症,无脊髓损伤症状加重。18例患者获得6月～3年随访,获得良好寰枢椎骨性融合,钉棒系统内固定牢固,无松动;寰枢椎保持复位位置;术后脊髓功能(JOA17分法)改善率82.3%,其中优12例,良4例,有效2例。结论经后路寰枢椎弓根钉棒系统,对寰枢椎进行部分撑开后提拉复位,一次完成难复型寰枢椎脱位的复位、固定和融合,是治疗难复型寰枢椎脱位较理想的手术方法。     

Reproducibility and diagnostic value of a new method using ratios to diagnose anterior atlanto-axial subluxation on plain radiographs

ObjectivesMeasures on conventional radiography are used to detect, especially in rheumatoid arthritis, upper cervical spine instabilities (CSIs) with the anterior and posterior atlanto-dental intervals (AADI and PADI) measurements. Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance and reliability of AADIs and PADIs extrapolated based on ratios in assessing anterior atlanto-axial subluxation (aAAS) when plain radiographs do not allow the measures.MethodsRadiographies of 119 patients were randomly selected. Two blinded observers performed two measurements of the odontoid sagittal diameter (O), axis body base sagittal diameter (C2), AADI, PADI, Clark station and Ranawat index, and the AADI/O, AADI/C2, PADI/O and PADI/C2 ratios were calculated. The diagnostic value of AADI and PADI extrapolated from the AADI/O, AADI/C2, PADI/O and PADI/C2 ratios was evaluated using ROC curves, with AADI > 2.9 mm used as the gold standard.ResultsAmong the 119 patients, 12 patients had aAAS (AADI > 2.9 mm), 6 of them had severe aAAS (AADI > 8.9 mm and/or a PADI < 14 mm), and 6 patients had vertical AAS (Clarks station = 2 or 3 and/or Ranawat index < 13 mm). The AADI extrapolated from the AADI/O and AADI/C2 ratios has excellent intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. The diagnostic value of the extrapolated AADI was high for aAAS (sensitivity 92%; specificity of 100%) and severe aAAS (sensitivity75%; specificity 100%). The diagnostic value of the extrapolated PADI was good but lower than the diagnostic value of the extrapolated AADI.ConclusionExtrapolated AADI can be used instead AADI to detect aAAS and severe aAAS.     

经口寰枢椎手术后肺部并发症的相关因素分析

目的 探讨经口寰枢椎手术后肺部并发症(PPCs)的相关因素,为临床防治提供参考依据.方法 收集104例行经口寰枢椎术患者的临床资料,评价术后肺部并发症情况,分为PPCs组与非PPCs组,比较两组患者围术期观察项目的 差异性,并进行logistic回归多因素分析.结果 本组104例患者中23例出现PPCs,发生率22.1%.PPCs组与非PPCs组比较结果显示,气管导管留置时间、术中输液量、手术时间、气管切开、脊髓损伤程度(Frankle分级)、吸烟史、低蛋白血症(血清清蛋白＜35g/L)、低钠血症(血清钠＜135 mmol/L)及术前低体质量指数(BMI＜18.5)等9个因素差异有统计学意义;多因素分析结果显示,血清清蛋白＜35 g/L、气管切开、脊髓损伤程度(Frankle分级)、气管导管留置时间＞4 d、手术时间＞6 h等5个因素与PPCs有关.结论 血清清蛋白＜35 g/L、气管切开、脊髓损伤程度(Frankle分级)、气管导管留置时间＞4 d、手术时间＞6 h为PPCs的独立危险因素.     

Apofix椎板夹治疗寰枢椎骨折、脱位

目的探讨应用Apofix椎板夹治疗寰枢椎骨折、脱位的方法及疗效。方法对8例寰枢椎骨折、脱位患者采用Apofix椎板夹固定。结果随访5~24个月,脱位纠正,颈部活动基本恢复正常,颈部不稳感消失,按照JOA评分法,术前平均为8.3分,术后平均为14.6分。结论Apofix椎板夹治疗寰枢椎骨折、脱位,术后无需坚强的外固定,具有操作技术难度小、手术风险低、安全、实用的特点。     

慢性寰枢关节旋转固定或脱位复位前后寰枕关节影像学变化

目的:总结慢性寰枢关节旋转固定或脱位患者的寰枕关节在寰枢旋转或脱位复位前后的影像学改变。方法:回顾性分析2004年9月~2019年6月间因寰枢关节旋转固定或脱位在我院诊治的患者40例,男19例,女21例,年龄5~17岁,平均11.2±2.8岁,病程2~36个月,平均6.0±5.7个月,随访时间3~18个月,平均5.7±3.1个月。其中A类(3例),寰枢关节旋转固定;B类(36例),寰枢关节旋转固定性脱位(其中B1类10例,一侧寰椎侧块前脱位,另一侧原位;B2类21例,一侧寰椎侧块前脱位,另一侧后脱位;B3类5例,双侧寰椎侧块不对称前脱位);C类(1例),寰枢关节旋转固定性脱位合并寰枕关节反向脱位。A类病例中1例牵引治愈、2例做了Halovest外固定下寰枢间植骨融合术;36例B类和1例C类患者都做了寰枢复位内固定植骨术。利用CT轴位、矢状位和冠状位影像,观察治疗前后寰枕关节面对合情况和关节间隙的变化。结果:大部分寰枢关节旋转固定或脱位患者寰枕关节出现不同程度的反向旋转移位、对合异常的现象,不同分类间其旋转程度有差异,寰枢关节旋转复位后,寰枕关节的旋转和关节面的对合关系也有不同程度改善。复位前、后都有寰枕关节自发骨性融合的现象。本次治疗前寰枕关节的情况:(1)除1例A类、3例B1类和5例B3类病例的寰枕关节对合正常外;其余病例的寰枕关节都有不同程度的旋转移位,对合不正常;1例C类双侧寰枕关节脱位;(2)2例出现寰枕关节自发融合,B1类和B3类各有1例。剩余38例经过治疗寰枢关节旋转矫正后寰枕关节的情况:(1)22例寰枕关节正常(包括A类3例,B1类6例,B2类10例和B3类3例);(2)寰枕关节自发骨性融合8例(包括B1类1例,B2类6例和B3类1例);(3)寰枕关节残留旋转移位、对合不正常4例(包括B2类3例,C类1例);(4)寰枕关节间隙变窄、模糊4例(包括B1类和B2类各2例)。结论:大部分A类和B1类患者以及全部B2类患者在治疗前出现寰枕关节反向旋转移位,其中个别B类患者在治疗前有寰枕关节自发融合的现象。复位后A类、B1类和B3类患者的寰枕关节恢复正常对合关系,但B类患者中有近一半出现寰枕关节对合不正常、关节间隙狭窄模糊、关节自发融合等不良问题,多见于B2类病例。     

Traumatic atlanto-axial rotatory subluxation and dens fracture with subaxial SCIWORA of Brown-Sequard syndrome: A case report

Rationale:A case of traumatic atlanto-axial rotatory subluxation (AARS), dens fracture, rupture of transverse atlantal ligament (TAL), and subaxial spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) of Brown-Sequard syndrome has never been reported in a child.Patient concerns:A 7-year-old boy presented to hospital with torticollis, neck pain, and limited neck rotation after a seat-belt injury sustained during a car accident. Neurologic examination revealed right-side motor weakness and left-side sensory abnormality, known as Brown-Sequard syndrome.Diagnosis:Radiologic examinations revealed type II AARS (Fielding and Hawkins classification), increased atlanto-dental interval (ADI) of 4.5 mm due to a type 1B TAL rupture (Dickman classification), a displaced transverse dens fracture along with an ossiculum terminale, and an intramedullary hemorrhage on the right side of the spinal cord at C3–4.Interventions:The patient immediately received methylprednisolone, and his motor weakness and sensory abnormality gradually improved. At the same time, the patient underwent initial halter traction for 2 weeks, but he failed to achieve successful reduction and required manual reduction under general anesthesia.Outcomes:At the 7-month follow-up visit, radiologic examinations showed a corrected type II AARS that was well maintained and normalization of the ADI to 2 mm. The reduced transverse dens fracture was well maintained but still not united. All clinical symptoms were significantly improved, except the remaining motor weakness of the right upper extremity.Lessons:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of traumatic AARS, dens fracture, TAL rupture, and subaxial SCIWORA of Brown-Sequard syndrome in a child. Appropriate diagnosis and careful treatment strategy are required for successful management of complex cervical injuries in a child.