Benefit of transfusion-related acute lung injury risk-minimization measures--German haemovigilance data (2006-2010)

Objective Based on the frequency of immune‐mediated and non‐immune‐mediated transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI), the effect of risk‐minimization measures was evaluated during a period of 5 years (2006–2010). Risk‐minimization measures were implemented in 2008/2009, consisting of exclusion of female donors with a history of pregnancy or exclusion of female donors with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)/human neutrophil alloantigen (HNA) antibodies. Methods TRALI was confirmed according to the criteria of the International Haemovigilance Network. Based upon the results of donor testing of white‐blood‐cell antibodies (WBC‐Ab) against HLA or HNAs, confirmed cases were classified as immune‐ or non‐immune‐mediated TRALI. Reporting rates were calculated on the basis of the annually transfused blood components, and pre‐ and post‐implementation periods were compared. Results In total, 60 immune‐mediated (75%) and 20 non‐immune‐mediated (25%) TRALI reactions were confirmed. A total of 68 (64 women and four men) donors were involved: seven red‐blood‐cell concentrates donors (13%), six platelet concentrate donors (10%), and 48 fresh frozen plasma (FFP) donors (77%). The reporting rate of immune‐mediated TRALI caused by FFP decreased continuously; from 12·71 per million units in 2006/2007 to 6·81 per million units in 2008/2009 and no case in 2010. Conclusion The comparison of the pre‐ and the post‐implementation period demonstrated a significantly reduced risk of TRALI events comparing 2006/2007 with 2010 (P‐value: < 0·01). Furthermore, no case of TRALI‐induced fatality occurred after the implementation of risk‐minimization measures.     

Quality control of leucocyte-reduced blood components: overestimation of WBC content due to nucleated red blood cells

Most methods for quality control of white blood cell (WBC) depletion in blood products are based on flow cytometric techniques. Nearly all commercial kits are based on propidium iodide staining of the DNA and subsequently counting those DNA based events as residual WBC. Here, we could show that a substantial proportion of those events are derived from nucleated red blood cells and therefore not specific for WBCs (e.g. in erythrocyte products 30%). We developed a flow cytometric method for residual WBC counting applying simultaneous DNA- and WBC-specific surface staining to enable this.     

四君子汤抗胃癌活性部位配伍作用及其对细胞周期的影响

[目的]研究四君子汤抗胃癌活性部位的配伍作用及其对细胞周期的影响.[方法]以SGC-7901胃癌细胞为细胞模型,以接种SGC-7901细胞的裸鼠为动物模型,通过体内、体外方法筛选四君子汤抗胃癌活性部位的最佳配伍;流式细胞仪观察四君子汤活性部位配伍对SGC-7901细胞周期的影响.[结果]四君子汤挥发油部位、萜类部位、黄酮部位在体内、体外均体现出配伍协同作用,活性部位配伍组对SGC-7901细胞的药物半数抑制浓度(IC50)为1.574mg/ml,其高、低剂量组体内抑瘤率分别为55.48％和44.52％;四君子汤活性部位配伍组处理后G2/M期SGC-7901细胞显著增加,为12.84％.[结论]四君子汤挥发油部位、萜类部位、黄酮部位具有协同配伍作用,能将SGC-7901细胞阻滞于G2/M期.     

川芎及其中成药抗凝血作用测定方法的研究

目的以延长活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)为指标,建立定量测定川芎抗凝血作用的方法,评价川芎及其中成药的质量。方法川芎先后用乙醇和水定量提取,以总提取物为供试品,体外测定延长APTT值。家兔心脏取血,制备血浆,加入APTT试剂后,测定凝结时间。以APTT延长率为抗凝血活性的评价指标,用阿魏酸钠标定川芎的延长APTT活性。根据量反应平行线法(2.2)计算川芎的抗凝血活性。并测定了9份川芎药材、饮片及中成药的抗凝血活性。结果阿魏酸钠和川芎总提取物均具有显著的抗凝血活性,且可靠性检验结果成立。阿魏酸钠的给药质量浓度(1~5 mg/m L)与其APTT延长率呈良好的线性关系(r=0.995 5)。供试品重复测定抗凝血活性的RSD为9.34%(n=6),可信限率为15.98%(n=6)。不同川芎样品的抗凝血活性不同,5份川芎药材的抗凝血效价分别为5.431~7.620 U/g,川芎饮片及川芎酒炙饮片分别为5.910、3.017 U/g,通脉颗粒和血府逐瘀丸分别为14.516、29.035 U/g。结论建立的方法能准确测定川芎药材、饮片及其中成药的抗凝血活性并评价其质量。     

金铁锁根中2个新的麦芽酚苷类化合物

目的研究金铁锁Psammosilene tunicoides根的化学成分。方法经硅胶、Sephadex LH-20凝胶、ODS反相硅胶等柱色谱方法进行分离,并运用NMR、HR-ESI-MS等波谱学方法进行化合物的结构鉴定。结果从金铁锁根80%乙醇水提取物中分离得到2个麦芽酚苷类化合物,分别鉴定为麦芽酚-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基)-Z-p-香豆酰基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)和麦芽酚-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基)-E-p-香豆酰基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)。结论化合物1和2为新的麦芽酚苷类化合物,分别命名为金铁锁酚苷A和B。     

中药制剂关键质量属性确认的思考

通过对中药制剂关键质量属性确认中应重点考虑的问题分析,提出药品关键质量属性的确定应全面考虑药物的有效性、安全性、药用物质本身的性质等方面的因素,同时还应关注中药制剂成型的要求,体现药物质量控制的整体性要求,以提取完整的能表征药品性质的质量控制指标,为企业生产过程控制和药品质量标准建立提供依据。     

Developmental connections between cranial components and the emergence of the first permanent molar in humans

The age of emergence of the first molar (M1) is a developmental event correlated with many variables of primate life history, such as adult brain size. The evolution of human life history is characterized by the inclusion of childhood, which takes place between weaning and M1 emergence. Children still depend on adults for nutrition due to their small digestive system and their immature brains. By contrast, juveniles are not dependent because of M1 emergence, which enables shifting to adult type diet, and attainment of nearly adult brain size. In this study, developmental connections between M1 emergence and growth of cranial components were explored in two ways in order to understand the developmental basis of their evolutionary connections: (1) differences in growth trajectories of cranial components with respect to M1 emergence and (2) differences between individuals with and without fully emerged M1. Growth of anteroneural, midneural, posteroneural, otic, optic, respiratory, masticatory and alveolar cranial components was analysed in human skulls of individuals aged 0-20 years and in an adult reference skull. Volumetric indices were calculated to estimate size. Two subsamples were selected in order to focus on the transition between deciduous and permanent dentition: those with full deciduous dentition and before M1 reaches the occlusal plane; and those who present M1 in full emergence and no other cheek-tooth at the occlusal plane. The principal results were as follows. (1) Trajectories fitted using the whole sample are characterized by an inflection point that takes place before M1 emergence for neural components and around M1 emergence for facial components. (2) Associations between growth and age tend to be strong in those with full deciduous dentition, and weak in those who present M1 in full emergence. (3) Individuals who present M1 in full emergence are larger than those with full deciduous dentition. (4) Growth of components linked to the central nervous system is not linear until M1 emergence. Individuals who present M1 in full emergence are only larger than individuals with full deciduous dentition by 4-5% of adult size. (5) The alveolar component does not show increments between full deciduous dentition and M1 emergence. (6) When volumetric indices were standardized by age, the growth trajectories of individuals with full deciduous dentition and of those with M1 were not decoupled. In general terms, M1 emergence does not show a strong association with growth of the components that may explain differences in life histories. However, the main changes in neural and alveolar components occur in the first 3 years of life, which may be developmentally connected with M1 crown formation.     

顶空固相微萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法联合气相色谱-质谱分析肿节风挥发性成分

目的：比较顶空固相微萃取法（HS-SPME）与水蒸气蒸馏法（SD）提取肿节风中挥发性成分的差异。方法：采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术分析肿节风挥发性成分。结果：采用HS-SPME-GC-MS共分离出59个色谱峰,鉴定出40个化合物,占总挥发性成分的88.47%;SD-GC-MS共分离出59个色谱峰,鉴别出38个化合物,占总挥发性成分的90.04%;2种不同前处理技术共同鉴定出的挥发性成分有11种。结论：HS-SPME与SD联合GC-MS适用于分析不同类型挥发性化学成分,将两种方法联用分析肿节风挥发性成分能够得到更加全面的信息。