中药肾毒性成分及其毒性机制研究进展

近年来,随着我国医药产业的稳步发展,中药作为补充和替代医学制剂在世界各地赢得了认可和信赖。然而,随着对中药的广泛应用和深入研究,中药的肾脏毒性引发了国内外学者的广泛关注。为保障中药临床应用的安全性,有必要深入研究并整理中药肾毒性成分及其毒性机制。在查阅近30年国内外常见中药肾毒性相关文献的基础上,对中药肾毒性成分及其毒性机制进行了总结与分析,以期为中药肾毒性深入研究提供思路,为中药安全合理应用提供参考。     

β Chain deficiency in three patients with dysfunctional C8 molecules

Structural and functional studies were performed on a dysfunctional C8 molecule present in the serum of two siblings and an unrelated individual. The C8 in these three sera exhibited a pattern of partial immunologic identity with C8 in normal serum but was devoid of functional activity. The C8 was immunoprecipitated from the three sera and from a control serum with an antihuman C8 antiserum and analyzed by SDS-PAGE using highly purified human C8 as a reference. A selective absence of a band of 62,000 mol. wt was observed in the immunoprecipitates from the sera containing dysfunctional C8. Experiments performed with the purified α-γ and γ subunits showed that the hemolytic activity of the C8 deficient sera could be reconstituted by the addition of the β chain but not the α-γ dimer. Binding of the dysfunctional C8 to C$\text{567}$ was excluded by the following observations: (1) EAC 1–7 treated with the C8 deficient sera and then washed could not be lysed after the addition of the β subunit and C9; and (2) the abnormal molecules did not interfere with the consumption of normal C8 by the soluble complex SC5b-7.     

反义hTR基因瘤内注射对荷瘤鼠肿瘤治疗作用的初步观察

目的 观察反义人端粒酶RNA（hTR)基因瘤内注射对荷瘤鼠肿瘤的治疗作用。方法 人胃癌细胞株SGC－7901裸鼠背部皮下接种,成瘤后于瘤内多点注射FuGENETM6/反义hTR表达质粒复合物,设FuGENETM6稀释液为对照,观察肿瘤生长情况和肿瘤组织学结构变化。 结果 治疗组肿瘤生长速度明显减慢,治疗1个月瘤体较对照组小23％,瘤组织中的瘤细胞排列较稀疏并形成较多的腺样结构,显示有分化倾向。结论 反义hTR基因瘤内注射对荷瘤鼠肿瘤有一定的治疗作用,值得进一步研究。     

地砷病患者部分生化指标的测定

对病区地砷病、非地砷病患者及对照组居民体内的部分生化指标进行了检测。结果表明,地砷病患者血清中的ＧＰＴ活性、ＵＮ和ＳＡ含量明显高于对照组,ＬＤＨ及ＧＳＨＰｘ活性明显降低;病区非地砷病患者ＬＤＨ活性、ＳＡ含量明显升高,ＧＳＨＰｘ活性明显降低,其它各组及各指标与对照组相比无显著差异。相关分析显示,病区病人组及非病人组血中ＳＡ含量与各自尿砷水平呈正相关（ｒ＝０５０,ｒ＝０４６）,ＧＳＨＰｘ与尿砷呈负相关（ｒ＝－０５１,ｒ＝－０４８）。提示,ＳＡ和ＧＳＨＰｘ可作为砷中毒的早期诊断指标。砷可能对接砷居民肝功、肾功产生一定影响。     

电针“曲泉”穴对小鼠胆汁分泌的影响

本实验用具备胆瘘的大鼠颈静脉恒速灌注肝胆酸钠10μmol/(100g·h)维持胆汁酸池恒定条件下,观察电针“曲泉”穴对肝胆汁分泌的影响及与受体的炎系。结果表明:电针“曲泉”穴,胆汁流量、胆汁K~+、Na~+、Cl~-、HCO_3~-排出量均显著增加,(P<0.01),但不影响胆酸的排出量。说明电针“曲泉”穴有利胆作用,所刺激肝胆汁本属不依赖胆汁酸部分。在本实验条件下,静脉给予阿托品(0.2mg/kg),酚妥拉明2.5mg/(kg·h))、心得安(5mg/kg)对胆汁分泌无显著影响,但阿托品有加强其利胆效应的倾向(P>0.05),而心得安则完全抑制其效应(P<0.01)。结果表明:“曲泉”穴的利胆效应与β受体有关,与α受体关系不大,并提示M受体或阿托品及体液因素如促胰液素,胰高血糖素等亦可参与“曲泉”穴的利胆机制。     

Organization of nucleoli and nuclear bodies in osmotically stimulated supraoptic neurons of the rat

This study has analyzed variations in the number of nucleoli and nuclear bodies, as well as in their ultrastructural and cytochemical organization, after the osmotically induced activation of supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons of the rat. The number of nucleoli and nuclear bodies and also the nucleolar size were determined on smear preparations of previously block-impregnated SON. The mean number of nucleoli per cell was 1.35 +/- 0.6 (mean +/- SDM) in control rats. No significant variations in this value were registered either in dehydrated or rehydrated rats. The mean nucleolar volume and the total nucleolar volume per cell showed a significant increase in dehydrated rats with respect to the controls, whereas these two parameters tended to return to control values in rats rehydrated after dehydration. The mean number of nuclear bodies per cell increased significantly from 0.56 +/- 0.50 (mean +/- SDM) in control rats to 1.54 +/- 1.1 after 6 days of dehydration. By electron microscopy, SON neurons displayed a reticulated nucleolar configuration. After the osmotically induced neuronal activation, there was an increase in the proportion of the total nucleolar area occupied by the granular component, and also a reduction in the mean fibrillar-center area. The most characteristic nucleolar features in rehydrated rats were the tendency for the granular component to be segregated and the occurrence of intranucleolar vacuoles. Ultrastructural cytochemistry with a specific silver method revealed a selective silver reaction on the coiled threads of the nuclear bodies--identified as "coiled bodies"--and on the nucleolar fibrillar components in all animal groups studied. Since nucleoli play a major role in ribosome biogenesis, a relationship between these nucleolar changes and the level of cellular activity of SON neurons is proposed. Furthermore, the response of nuclear "coiled bodies" to neuronal activation suggests their participation in the processing and transport of rRNA precursors.     

Distribution and metabolic fate of adenosine nucleotides in the membrane of storage vesicles from bovine adrenal medulla

Summary The reactions of adenosine ¹⁴C- and ³²P-labelled ATP with isolated membranes from catecholamine storage vesicles of the bovine adrenal medulla were studied. In presence of Mg²⁺ about twice as much of ³²P-radioactivity combined with the membrane as ¹⁴C-adenosine compounds at 31°C and also at 0°C, while in the absence of Mg²⁺ the amounts of ¹⁴C and ³²P incorporated were similar for both substances. Autoradiography of the SDS-polyacrylamide gel after electrophoresis of the ³²P-ATP-treated membrane protein showed two distinct zones corresponding to protein bands. Sonication released twice as much ³²P-ATP as ¹⁴C-ATP from the space within the membrane particles indicating that at least half of the ATP present in this space did not contain its original terminal phosphate group. About 40–45% of the ³²P-radioactivity was incorporated in the membrane lipids, whereas only small amounts of ¹⁴C-radioactivity were extracted with the lipids. About 1/3 of the incorporated ¹⁴C-radioactivity was not extractable with acids. The same amount remained in the ³²P-ATP treated preparation acid-stably bound after extraction of the lipids and thus must be firmly bound ATP. When the reaction of the membrane preparation with labelled ATP was performed at 0°C the fractions of the acid-stably bound ³²P- and ¹⁴C-radioactivity increased. About 1 nmole/mg of protein (10–15%) of the bound ³²P-radioactivity was exchangeable against unlabelled ATP, while only a very small fraction (<0.5 nmole/mg protein) of the ¹⁴C-radioactivity was exchanged against unlabelled ATP. Preincubation of the membrane particles with ATP-Mg²⁺ at 0°C induced 30% inhibition of the ATPase activity and abolition of the net uptake of catecholamines. Different K _m values obtained from initial velocity studies of ATPase activity and the overall-incorporation of ³²P-radioactivity indicated that a direct correlation between these processes did not exist. Different strong inhibitory effects exerted by ADP on the ATPase activity and net uptake of catecholamine at the one hand and the overall ³²P- and ¹⁴C-incorporation at the other hand supported that view. It is concluded that only small fractions of the observed ³²P-and ¹⁴C-incorporation can be involved in the ATP-hydrolyzing reaction.     

益母草的化学、药理和临床研究进展

查阅近20年有关文献，对益母草的化学成分、药理作用、临床应用研究进展进行综述。益母草主要含有生物碱类、黄酮类、二萜类、脂肪酸类、挥发油类等化合物；药理作用研究证明其具有调经止血、保护心肌缺血再灌注损伤、抗血小板聚集、降低血液黏度等作用；在临床上常用来治疗流产后出血、冠心病、心肌缺血、高黏血症、痛经等疾病。益母草具有广泛的药理活性，对其药效学物质基础进行深入研究和开发，将具有重要意义。     

鳞毛蕨属植物化学成分研究进展

目的：对鳞毛蕨属植物化学成分的研究进展进行综述。方法：总结有关鳞毛蕨属植物化学成分的研究文献，综述鳞毛蕨属植物所合化学成分的种类、数量、结构、提取分离方法及结构鉴定。结果：到目前为止已从鳞毛蕨属植物中分离出间苯三酚类化合物58种，菇类化合物13种，黄酮类化合物4种，而且该属植物具有多种生理活性。结论：我国鳞毛蕨属植物资源丰富，应将化学成分的研究与药理活性的研究紧密结合，从而更好地开发利用该属的植物资源。     

补阳还五汤及拆方对脑缺血再灌注模型血清、脑组织的SOD、MDA及NO含量影响

目的：揭示补阳还五汤及拆方抗脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用机理，并研究方剂配伍的意义。方法：通过四血管结扎法制作SD大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型，观察总方组与拆方黄芪组、活血组药物对模型血清、脑组织S0D、MDA及NO含量的影响。结果：模型组大鼠血清、脑组织MDA及NO含量明显增高，SOD含量明显降低；总方组与拆方黄芪组、活血组能降低MDA及NO含量，升高SOD含量，总方组作用最强。结论：补阳还五汤及拆方通过抗自由基，达到抗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用。总方组的疗效明显优于拆方组，符合方剂学“整体取性原理”。