军队医院卫勤保障能力现状分析与策略

本文根据卫勤保障新形势新任务新特点,分析当前卫勤保障能力现状和存在问题,提出应以实战需求为牵引,在基础设施、人员装备、信息管理、训练水平、横向融合等方面着力加快卫勤保障能力准备,为“能打仗、打胜仗”提供可靠的卫勤支撑.     

Fluid mechanics based classification of the respiratory efficiency of several nasal cavities

The flow in the human nasal cavity is of great importance to understand rhinologic pathologies like impaired respiration or heating capabilities, a diminished sense of taste and smell, and the presence of dry mucous membranes. To numerically analyze this flow problem a highly efficient and scalable Thermal Lattice-BGK (TLBGK) solver is used, which is very well suited for flows in intricate geometries. The generation of the computational mesh is completely automatic and highly parallelized such that it can be executed efficiently on High Performance Computers (HPCs). An evaluation of the functionality of nasal cavities is based on an analysis of pressure drop, secondary flow structures, wall-shear stress distributions, and temperature variations from the nostrils to the pharynx. The results of the flow fields of three completely different nasal cavities allow their classification into ability groups and support the a priori decision process on surgical interventions.     

Towards measurement of the Healthy Ageing Phenotype in lifestyle-based intervention studies

Introduction

Given the biological complexity of the ageing process, there is no single, simple and reliable measure of how healthily someone is ageing. Intervention studies need a panel of measures which capture key features of healthy ageing. To help guide our research in this area, we have adopted the concept of the “Healthy Ageing Phenotype” (HAP) and this study aimed to (i) identify the most important features of the HAP and (ii) identify/develop tools for measurement of those features.

Methods

After a comprehensive assessment of the literature we selected the following domains: physiological and metabolic health, physical capability, cognitive function, social wellbeing, and psychological wellbeing which we hoped would provide a reasonably holistic characterisation of the HAP. We reviewed the literature and identified systematic reviews and/or meta-analysis of cohort studies, and clinical guidelines on outcome measures of these domains relevant to the HAP. Selection criteria for these measures included: frequent use in longitudinal studies of ageing; expected to change with age; evidence for strong association with/prediction of ageing-related phenotypes such as morbidity, mortality and lifespan; whenever possible, focus on studies measuring these outcomes in populations rather than on individuals selected on the basis of a particular disease; (bio)markers that respond to (lifestyle-based) intervention. Proposed markers were exposed to critique in a Workshop held in Newcastle, UK in October 2012.

Results

We have selected a tentative panel of (bio)markers of physiological and metabolic health, physical capability, cognitive function, social wellbeing, and psychological wellbeing which we propose may be useful in characterising the HAP and which may have utility as outcome measures in intervention studies. In addition, we have identified a number of tools which could be applied in community-based intervention studies designed to enhance healthy ageing.

Conclusions

We have proposed, tentatively, a panel of outcome measures which could be deployed in community-based, lifestyle intervention studies. The evidence base for selection of measurement domains is less well developed in some areas e.g. social wellbeing (where the definition of the concept itself remains elusive) and this has implications for the identification of appropriate tools. Although we have developed this panel as potential outcomes for intervention studies, we recognise that broader agreement on the concept of the HAP and on tools for its measurement could have wider utility and e.g. could facilitate comparisons of healthy ageing across diverse study designs and populations.     

酶联免疫法与胶体金法检测肺炎衣原体IgM抗体抗干扰能力的比较

目的:评价酶联免疫法和胶体金法用于肺炎衣原体IgM抗体(CP-IgM)检测抗干扰能力的差异。方法:检测方法的优劣一定程度上源于该方法抗干扰能力的强弱,体现在准确率、敏感性、特异性等相关指标上,选取219例临床疑为肺炎衣原体感染患者血清作为研究样本,分别采用酶联免疫法和胶体金法检测肺炎衣原体IgM抗体。比较两种方法检测结果的真阳性例数、真阴性例数、假阳性例数、假阴性例数,并计算两种方法相应的准确率、敏感性、特异性,进而评价两种检测方法的抗干扰能力。结果:酶联免疫法检测肺炎衣原体IgM抗体比胶体金法的真阳性例数与真阴性例数多;而假阳性例数和假阴性例数均少;酶联免疫法的准确率、敏感性、特异性均高于胶体金法(P<0.05)。结论:酶联免疫法检测肺炎衣原体IgM抗体的抗干扰能力比胶体金法更强,检测结果准确性更高。     

辽宁省基层医疗机构服务能力评价相关设备配置和使用情况调查

目的了解辽宁省基层医疗机构与其功能定位相匹配的医疗设备配置和使用情况,为当地卫生健康行政部门管理调控基层医疗设备提供参考数据。方法调查对象包括辽宁省9个示范区/县辖区内所有社区卫生服务中心和乡镇卫生院。利用自编调查表,采用自填问卷形式对各医疗机构主管医疗设备的负责人进行问卷调查。结果34家社区卫生服务中心和81家乡镇卫生院纳入分析(86.5%)。除生化分析仪外,社区卫生服务中心和乡镇卫生院的各类相关设备配备数量水平相当,均处于较低水平,尤其DR、血液分析仪、尿液分析仪和血凝仪的配置率较低,27.8%的机构认为由于"设备数量不足"导致不能满足日常需求;38.4%的设备超过了折旧年限且乡镇卫生院占比更高(P=0.004),51.3%的机构认为由于"设备陈旧或水平不能满足需求"导致不能满足日常需求,客观指标与主观认知结果一致。此外,和社区卫生服务中心比较,更多的乡镇卫生院认为由于"技术人员水平不能满足诊疗需求"(33.8%vs.8.3%,P=0.006)和"缺乏操作人员"(47.3%vs.25.0%,P=0.042)导致设备使用不能满足日常需求,并存在更多的利用率低下的问题。两类基层医疗机构不能满足需求的前三位设备均为DR、超声和CT。结论辽宁省基层医疗机构设备配置和使用存在设备配置率和配置数量不足、设备陈旧、相关技术人员紧缺或技术水平有限、设备利用率低下等问题,且乡镇卫生院较社区卫生服务中心更为突出。当地卫生健康行政部门应针对上述问题进行有效的管理调控。     

Factors promoting resident deaths at aged care facilities in Japan: a review

Due to an increasingly ageing population, the Japanese government has promoted elderly deaths in aged care facilities. However, existing facilities were not designed to provide resident end‐of‐life care and the proportion of aged care facility deaths is currently less than 10%. Consequently, the present review evaluated the factors that promote aged care facility resident deaths in Japan from individual‐ and facility‐level perspectives to exploring factors associated with increased resident deaths. To achieve this, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science and Ichushi databases were searched on 23 January 2016. Influential factors were reviewed for two healthcare services (insourcing and outsourcing facilities) as well as external healthcare agencies operating outside facilities. Of the original 2324 studies retrieved, 42 were included in analysis. Of these studies, five focused on insourcing, two on outsourcing, seven on external agencies and observed facility/agency‐level factors. The other 28 studies identified individual‐level factors related to death in aged care facilities. The present review found that at both facility and individual levels, in‐facility resident deaths were associated with healthcare service provision, confirmation of resident/family end‐of‐life care preference and staff education. Additionally, while outsourcing facilities did not require employment of physicians/nursing staff to accommodate resident death, these facilities required visits by physicians and nursing staff from external healthcare agencies as well as residents' healthcare input. This review also found few studies examining outsourcing facilities. The number of healthcare outsourcing facilities is rapidly increasing as a result of the Japanese government's new tax incentives. Consequently, there may be an increase in elderly deaths in outsourcing healthcare facilities. Accordingly, it is necessary to identify the factors associated with residents' deaths at outsourcing facilities.     

中国卫生应急管理体系建设调查分析

目的了解当前省、市和县三级以"一案三制"为主的卫生应急管理体系建设情况,为加强中国卫生应急管理体系建设提供依据。方法于2013年采用横断面调查方法,对全国省、市和县级卫生应急管理体系建设中的政策保障、预案制定、法制建设、机制建设和指挥决策系统进行调查。结果省、市和县卫生应急管理体系建设均值百分比分别为83.1%、72.0%和65.8%;省级东部、中部和西部分别为84.8%、84.8%和80.1%,市级为77.1%、73.0%和66.9%,县级为68.6%、65.4%和60.5%。结论中国各省、市、县级各医疗卫生机构卫生应急管理体系建设总体提高的同时仍存在较大的行政级别差异和区域差异,基层和西部地区仍将是重点。     

Do capability and functioning differ? A study of U.K. survey responses

A core feature of the capability approach is that a person's capabilities (what they are able to do and be in their life) can differ from their functionings (what they actually do and are in their life). However, the degree to which capability and functioning differ in practice is unclear. This paper investigates this issue, focusing on capability and functioning differences (CFD) across different aspects of life and different individuals. In the study, the ICECAP‐A capability questionnaire was modified to measure both functionings and capabilities and was completed by U.K.‐based convenience sample of 943 people. Around one third of people reported CFD in at least one area of their life, most commonly in terms of their “achievement.” People were more likely to report CFD when they had a degree‐level education and when they had impaired health. An additional finding was that capability varied more with education whereas functioning varied more with health status. This finding needs further examination, but it suggests that the choice of evaluative space may influence how priorities are set for public spending.     

应用Delphi法和AHP法构建中小学校公共卫生应急能力评估指标体系研究

目的 构建中小学校公共卫生应急能力指标体系,为加强中小学公共卫生应急处置能力建设提供科学依据。方法 在专家咨询和文献回顾的基础上,选取疾控专家、学校领导和校医共40人为调查对象,使用德尔菲法(Delphi)初步确定各级指标,使用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)确定各级指标的权重,建立中小学公共卫生应急能力指标体系。结果 指标体系由4个一级指标、12个二级指标、51个三级指标组成。4个一级指标分别为基础保障能力、应急队伍建设、应急体系建设、事件应对能力,权重系数分别为0.496 8、0.286 0、0.119 0和0.098 3。模型具有较好的一致性,一级指标CR=0.095 8,各项二级指标CR值均小于0.1。结论 本研究通过定量方法建立的指标体系具有较高可信度和实用性,可为中小学公共卫生能力建设提供科学依据。