无水乙醇和硝酸银处理兔肠黏膜效果的对比研究

目的:以兔为模型,观察比较无水乙醇和硝酸银溶液去肠黏膜的效果,为黏膜处理的试剂选择提供思路。方法:将25只白兔随机分为五组,每组5只,取20cm回肠段做隔离肠襻。五组分别以无水乙醇8min(A)、无水乙醇15min(B)、6%硝酸银8min(C)、3%硝酸银15min(D)、生理盐水8min(E)处理隔离之肠段。4周末,用葡萄糖吸收试验测定隔离肠袢吸收功能并取标本观察病理学改变。结果:无水乙醇和硝酸银溶液均具有去肠黏膜作用,四个处理组较对照组在形态学方面具有明显萎缩改变(P<0.01),葡萄糖吸收试验提示处理后肠段吸收功能减弱(P<0.05)。无水乙醇8min和6%硝酸银8min处理肠黏膜的效果好,对黏膜的吸收和分泌功能均有较好的抑制作用,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:无水乙醇灌注8min和6%硝酸银灌注8min处理兔肠黏膜效果确切,能有效抑制吸收和分泌功能。两种方法处理后,在病理形态上未见明显差别,硝酸银在处理黏膜时与乙醇相比无明显优势。     

Fluid perfused urethral pressure profilometry and Valsalva leak point pressure: a comparative study in a biophysical model of the urethra

In patient studies the correlation between maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) and Valsalva leak point pressure (LPP) is meagre at best (r = 0.22–0.50). We therefore studied the relation between MUCP and LPP in a flexible and extensible model urethra. We applied differently sized pressure zones and different degrees of resistance to a biophysical model urethra by stepwise inflating three types of blood pressure cuff placed around the model. At each degree of resistance we measured detrusor LPP, an in vitro equivalent of Valsalva LPP. Subsequently, we recorded the Urethral Pressure Profile using a water-perfused 5F end-hole catheter at four withdrawal rates and five perfusion rates and calculated MUCP. We tested the dependence of LPP on pressure zone length and MUCP on perfusion rate, withdrawal rate and pressure zone length using analysis of variance. We tested the correlation between LPP and MUCP using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Linear Regression. LPP did not significantly depend on the pressure zone length (P = 0.80) and increased linearly with increasing cuff pressure. MUCP also increased with increasing cuff pressure, however, MUCP significantly depended (P < 0.01) on perfusion rate, withdrawal rate and pressure zone length. MUCP increased with increasing perfusion rate, and decreased with increasing withdrawal rate. In our model urethra MUCP only accurately reflected urethral resistance for a very limited number of combinations of perfusion rate and withdrawal rate. LPP reflected urethral resistance independent of the type of pressure zone.     

Parental alcohol misuse is a powerful predictor for the risk of traumatic brain injury in childhood

Background: Although the positive relationship between parental alcohol use and children's injuries is well established, it is not known whether parental alcohol misuse is a risk factor for traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) of their children and whether subjects with childhood TBI have hazardous drinking habits in adolescence.

Methods: The authors conducted a longitudinal cohort study at Oulu University Hospital. The cohort consisted of 12 058 subjects born in 1966, of which 207 had sustained TBI before the age of 14 years. Data on parental alcohol problems were obtained from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register and the adolescents' drinking habits were analysed based on a postal inquiry at the age of 14 years.

Results: Parental alcohol misuse (RR 1.99, CI 1.19-3.33) and male gender (RR 1.53, CI 1.12-2.08) significantly predicted the risk of childhood TBI. Drinking to intoxication at the age of 14 was significantly associated with parental alcohol misuse (RR 1.62, CI 1.34-1.96), belonging to a one-parent family (RR 1.80, CI 1.61-2.02) and mild TBI (RR 1.67, CI 1.20-2.33).

Conclusions: It was observed that parental alcohol misuse is a major risk factor for TBI in children and drinking to intoxication is a common drinking pattern of adolescents who have sustained TBI in childhood.     

The association between recipient alcohol dependency and long-term graft and recipient survival.

BACKGROUND: The causative role of alcohol consumption in renal disease is controversial, and its effect on renal graft and recipient survival has not been previously studied. METHODS: We analysed the association between pre-transplant [at the time of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) onset] alcohol dependency and renal graft and recipient survival. The United States Renal Data System (USRDS) records of kidney transplant recipients 18 years or older transplanted between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2002 were examined. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression models adjusted for covariates to analyse the association between pre-transplant alcohol dependency and graft and recipient survival. RESULTS: In an entire study cohort of 60 523, we identified 425 patients with a history of alcohol dependency. Using Cox models, alcohol dependency was found to be associated with increased risk of death-censored graft failure [hazard ratio (HR) 1.38, P < 0.05] and increased risk of transplant recipient death (HR 1.56, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis demonstrated an association of alcohol-dependency with recipient survival and death-censored graft survival in males (but not in females), and in both white and non-white racial subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that alcohol dependency at the time of ESRD onset is a risk factor for renal graft failure and recipient death.     

Coping,functioning, and adjustment of rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing

Studies have not previously considered postdisaster adjustment in the context of psychiatric disorders. After the Oklahoma City bombing, a volunteer sample of 181 firefighters who served as rescue and recovery workers was assessed with a structured diagnostic interview. The firefighters had relatively low rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and described little functional impairment, positive social adjustment, and high job satisfaction. PTSD was associated with reduced job satisfaction and functional impairment, providing diagnostic validity. Turning to social supports, seeking mental health treatment, and taking medication were not widely prevalent coping responses. Postdisaster alcohol use disorders and drinking to cope were significantly associated with indicators of poorer functioning. Surveillance for problem drinking after disaster exposure may identify useful directions for intervention.     

Declines in violence and police arrest among female sex workers in Karnataka state,south India,following a comprehensive HIV prevention programme

Introduction

Female sex workers (FSWs) frequently experience violence, harassment and arrest by the police or their clients, but there is little evidence as to the impact that such factors may have on HIV risk or whether community interventions could mitigate this impact.

Methods

As part of the evaluation of the Avahan programme in Karnataka, serial integrated behavioural and biological assessment (IBBA) surveys (four districts) (2005 to 2011) and anonymous polling booth surveys (PBS) (16 districts) (2007 to 2011) were conducted with random samples of FSWs. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess 1) changes in reported violence and arrests over time and 2) associations between violence by non-partners and police arrest and HIV/STI risk and prevalence. Mediation analysis was used to identify mediating factors.

Results

5,792 FSWs participated in the IBBAs and 15,813 participated in the PBS. Over time, there were significant reductions in the percentages of FSWs reporting being raped in the past year (PBS) (30.0% in 2007, 10.0% in 2011, p<0.001), being arrested in the past year [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.57 (0.35, 0.93), p=0.025] and being beaten in the past six months by a non-partner (clients, police, pimps, strangers, rowdies) [AOR 0.69 (0.49, 0.95), p=0.024)] (IBBA). The proportion drinking alcohol (during the past week) also fell significantly (32.5% in 2005, 24.9% in 2008, 16.8% in 2011; p<0.001). Violence by non-partners (being raped in the past year and/or beaten in the past six months) and being arrested in the past year were both strongly associated with HIV infection [AOR 1.59 (1.18, 2.15), p=0.002; AOR 1.91 (1.17, 3.12), p=0.01, respectively]. They were also associated with drinking alcohol (during the past week) [AOR 1.98 (1.54, 2.53), p<0.001; AOR 2.79 (1.93, 4.04), p<0.001, respectively], reduced condom self-efficacy with clients [AOR 0.36 (0.27, 0.47), p<0.001; AOR 0.62 (0.39, 0.98), p=0.039, respectively], symptomatic STI (during the past year) [AOR 2.62 (2.07, 3.30), p<0.001; AOR 2.17 (1.51, 3.13), p<0.001, respectively], gonorrhoea infection [AOR 2.79 (1.51, 5.15), p=0.001; AOR 2.69 (0.96, 7.56), p=0.060, respectively] and syphilis infection [AOR 1.86 (1.04, 3.31), p=0.036; AOR 3.35 (1.78, 6.28), p<0.001, respectively], but not with exposure to peer education, community mobilization or HIV testing uptake. Mediation analysis suggests that alcohol use and STIs may partially mediate the association between violence or arrests and HIV prevalence.

Discussion

Violence by non-partners and arrest are both strongly associated with HIV infection among FSWs. Large-scale, comprehensive HIV prevention programming can reduce violence, arrests and HIV/STI infection among FSWs.     

快速木乃伊化策略治疗糖尿病足临床研究

目的 对糖尿病足湿性坏疽采取快速木乃伊化策略,评价其临床疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2012年7月至2013年7月天津中医药大学第二附属医院采用快速木乃伊化治疗的19例糖尿病足湿性坏疽病人的临床资料,以及2010年7月至2012年7月采用传统方法治疗的21例糖尿病足湿性坏疽病人资料,对比分析两组病人的疗效及并发症情况。结果 足跟部和第1跖趾关节处木乃伊化时间较短（3 d）,而足趾木乃伊化时间较长（5～9 d）。木乃伊化组和传统治疗组在治疗后第3天WBC差异无统计学意义［（9.5±1.8）×109/L vs. （10.2±2.0）×109/L,P>0.05］,而C反应蛋白（CRP）差异有统计学意义［（3.0±6.8）mg/L vs.（36.5±7.21）mg/L,P<0.05］;治疗后第6天,木乃伊化组病人WBC及CRP较传统治疗组改善明显,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。木乃伊化组相较于传统治疗组感染扩散发生率（15.79% vs. 47.62%,P<0.05）及截肢发生率（21.05% vs. 47.62%,P<0.05）均明显降低,而愈合率（89.47% vs. 71.43%）及病死率（10.53% vs. 28.57%）差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。木乃伊化组病人在治疗过程中未出现疼痛或疼痛加重、过敏等并发症。结论 湿性坏疽组织快速脱水达到木乃伊化是一种有效控制感染的方法,可减少感染扩散并降低截肢发生率。     

聚乙烯醇水凝胶人工髓核置入对腰椎运动影响的生物力学研究

目的：研究髓核摘除后聚乙烯醇水凝胶人工髓核置入对腰椎活动度和椎间隙高度的影响.方法：对7具新鲜成人尸体L4/5正常椎间隙、髓核摘除后和置入人工髓核后在8.0Nm扭矩下的屈伸、侧弯和旋转的活动度（ROM）、中性区（NZ）和椎间隙高度变化进行测试、比较.结果：髓核摘除后,L4/5椎间屈伸、侧弯、旋转的ROM和NZ较正常组显著增加（P＜0.05或0.01）,在0和200N的负荷下椎间隙高度较相同情况下正常组分别下降1.2mm和1.7mm;置入人工髓核后,相对于正常椎间隙,L4/5椎间屈伸、侧弯、旋转的ROM和NZ无明显差异,较髓核摘除组明显下降（P＜0.05或0.01）,在0N和200N的负荷下椎间隙高度较相同情况下髓核摘除组分别增加1.6mm和2.0mm.结论：聚乙烯醇水凝胶人工髓核置入椎间盘切除后的椎间隙可有效恢复椎间隙高度,维持腰椎节段正常的三维运动功能稳定性.     

脱脂奶粉勾兑牛奶酒工艺中pH值的影响

探讨了以脱脂奶粉为原料勾兑奶酒的工艺条件,主要研究了牛奶蛋白在乙醇存在下影响其稳定性的一个重要因素——pH值.实验表明,在以脱脂奶粉为原料勾兑奶酒时,酒精应该先进行适量的稀释再加入到复配奶中;随着复配奶pH值的升高,其牛奶蛋白的乙醇稳定性也随之升高.复配奶的pH值决定着勾兑奶酒的pH值,其最适pH值为6.5～7.3,但是酒精的pH对于勾兑奶酒的pH并没有决定性的影响.实验还研究了勾兑奶酒在储存过程中其体系的pH值的变化.     

75%酒精加654-2温湿敷治疗静滴七叶皂苷钠所致静脉炎的临床研究

目的：探讨75%酒精加654-2温湿敷治疗静滴七叶皂苷钠所致静脉炎的临床效果。方法方便选取2015年1月—2016年4月该院收治的100例静滴七叶皂苷钠所致静脉炎的病人按病区的住院号单双号作为实验病人,进行分组对照法,分别将研究组处方(75%酒精100 mL加654-2注射液20 mg)50例和对照组处方(50%硫酸镁100 mL)50例进行分组治疗,观察两组治疗24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h后静脉炎的治疗效果。结果研究组24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h有效率为22.0%、44.0%、70.0%和92.0%,明显优于对照组8.0%、16.0%、28.0%和42.0%(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论应用75%酒精加654-2温湿敷治疗静滴七叶皂苷钠所致静脉炎操作方法简单、疗效显著,价廉实用、安全可靠。