冰糖增加口服四环素吸收作用机理的初步研究

目的 :对中药冰糖增加口服四环素吸收作用机理进行初步的实验研究。方法 :参考 Masahiro Fukahori等介绍的方法 ,分别给大白鼠单独口服 (灌胃 )四环素或合并不同浓度冰糖溶液 (2 0 %、40 %、6 0 %、80 % )口服 (灌胃 )后 ,采用改进的荧光光度法测定血药浓度及肠内液药物浓度及含量 ,并称量与比较肠内容物量。结果 :合并使用冰糖可使大白鼠血中四环素的浓度明显提高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,并在 2 0 %～ 6 0 %范围内呈明显的线性关系 ,而肠道内液四环素的含量则明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 )。但肠道内容物量与冰糖浓度并无明显相关性。结论 :冰糖可明显增加大白鼠口服四环素在肠道的吸收 ;而冰糖浓度对肠腔液体量没有明显影响。结果提示冰糖增加口服四环素吸收可能通过主动吸收过程。     

不同浓度酒精灭活后的国人成骨肉瘤细胞超微结构的变化

目的 :探讨两种不同浓度的酒精灭活骨肉瘤细胞 (OS- 732 )后细胞内部结构变化和临床应用价值。方法 :75%和 95%酒精灭活骨肉瘤细胞 ,光镜和电镜下观察细胞形态 ,MTT法检测细胞活性。结果 :灭活后的细胞内部结构发生明显改变 ,形成不可逆性损伤。 MTT法检测证明处理后的肿瘤细胞已无生存能力。结论 :两种浓度的酒精对骨肉瘤细胞的灭活是有效的 ,为临床上骨肉瘤的保肢治疗提供良好的选择。     

大学生饮酒情况和相关问题的调查

①目的　了解大学生饮酒情况及相关问题。②方法　采用整群抽样调查方法 ,使用自行设计的调查问卷 ,调查了 16 2 4例 18～ 2 2岁的大学生饮酒情况及其相关的社会、心理和躯体问题。③结果　 16 2 4例大学生中有 82 9例饮酒 ,饮酒率为 5 1.1% ,男生饮酒率为 78.8% ,女生饮酒率为 2 4.1% ,男生饮酒率明显高于女生 ,差异有极显著意义 (χ2 =486 .36 ,P <0 .0 0 1) ;饮酒引起的与躯体损害有关的疾病以消化道疾病为主 ;饮酒的原因除了自身的因素外 ,家庭和社会因素起着重要作用。饮酒组学生的学习成绩低于非饮酒组。④结论　饮酒影响了大学生心身健康和学习成绩     

Significance and clinical impact of routinely tested urinary ethyl glucuronide after liver transplantation – development of a risk score

Alcohol abuse after liver transplantation can seriously impact graft and patient survival. However, to date, there is no defined standard procedure to identify patients consuming alcohol after liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to analyze the diagnostic value and clinical impact of routinely measured urinary ethyl glucuronide (uEtG) – a metabolite of ethanol – in patients after liver transplantation. Data of 362 consecutive patients after liver transplantation who visited the University Hospital of Tuebingen for outpatient follow-up were analyzed. Forty-eight patients (13%) displayed positive uEtG results. The uEtG positive group contained significantly more patients with pretransplant alcoholic liver disease. However, two thirds of the uEtG positive patients had no history of pretransplant alcoholic liver disease. Several clinical parameters were significantly associated with positive uEtG. In order to enable a more cost-effective application of uEtG in the future, a clinical risk score was developed (specificity 0.95). In conclusion, routine testing for uEtG reveals a considerable percentage of patients practicing alcohol intake after liver transplantation. Application of our proposed risk score could help focusing uEtG testing on patients at risk.     

药用昆虫凹纹胡蜂化学成分及抗炎活性研究

目的 研究药用昆虫凹纹胡蜂Vespa velutina auraria的化学成分及其抗炎活性。方法 采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶和半制备高效液相等色谱技术进行分离纯化,通过核磁共振技术对化合物的结构进行表征和解析。以脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）联合γ干扰素（interferon-γ,IFN-γ）诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7作为炎症模型,探讨提取物及单体对炎症因子mRNA表达的影响。结果 从凹纹胡蜂醋酸乙酯部位分离鉴定了16个化合物,分别为邻苯二酚（1 ）、对羟基苯甲醛（2 ）、对羟基苯丙酸甲酯（3 ）、4-羟基苯醋酸乙酯（4 ）、3,4-二羟基苯乙醇（5 ）、3,4-二羟基苯酰乙醇（6 ）、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸（7 ）、N-乙酰基-2-乙氧基-2-（3,4-二羟基苯基）乙胺（8 ）、2-（2-羟基丙酰氧基）丙酸甲酯（9 ）、对甲氧基苯甲醇（10 ）、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯（11 ）、α-乙基葡萄糖苷（12 ）、2-羟基-3-苯基丙酸甲酯（13 ）、N-乙酰基-2-（3,4-二羟基苯基）乙胺（14 ）、对甲基苯乙醇（15 ）和胸腺嘧啶（16 ）。凹纹胡蜂醇提物及提取物醋酸乙酯部位、正丁醇部位和水部位在300 μg/mL时均能有效减少由LPS联合IFN-γ诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症因子一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS）基因相对表达量;化合物2 、3 、5 、6 、9～11 对LPS联合IFN-γ诱导RAW264.7细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）mRNA表达有抑制作用（P<0.01）。结论 凹纹胡蜂醇提物及不同极性部位能降低炎症细胞中iNOS的表达,具有一定的抗炎作用。化合物1～16 均为首次从凹纹胡蜂分离鉴定,其中2 、3 、5 、6 、9～11 可能为潜在的活性单体。     

Construction and evaluation of an alcohol vapor chamber system

An increasing number of studies demonstrated that alcohol vapor chamber is an effective way to model physical signs of alcohol use disorders. Although researchers are developing different vapor chambers to study chronic alcohol exposure model worldwide, few studies build and modify their own vapor chambers in China. Here, we designed and established an alcohol vapor chamber system for small animals. We described a paradigm showing how to control and monitor alcohol concentration in whole system. The vapor chamber system with several advantages including accommodating up to ten standard mouse cages. Furthermore, the system was tested by evaluating the blood alcohol concentration and neuron injury in mice. Importantly, the alcohol withdrawal after vapor exposure caused motor coordination impairment, anxiolytic- and depression-like behavior. Finally, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated glutamatergic transmissions in the medial prefrontal cortex was changed after alcohol vapor exposure-induced behaviors. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents between control and alcohol groups were not different, suggesting that alcohol exposure-induced behaviors are associated with the change in NMDAR response. Taken together, the new alcohol vapor chamber system was constructed, which would help to research the relationship between the stable alcohol exposure and withdrawal behaviors and to study chronic alcohol exposure-induced disorders in China.     

Two screening instruments for collecting alcohol-related information from expectant mothers and fathers: Testing the reliability of the Parent Alcohol Screening Questionnaire and the Social Support for an Alcohol-Free Pregnancy Questionnaire

The aim is to test the reliability of two alcohol screening instruments: (1) The Parent Alcohol Screening Questionnaire (PASQ5), and (2) the Social Support for an Alcohol-free Pregnancy (SSAFP) questionnaire. This is a cohort study from the south of Sweden using repeated surveys during pregnancy. To examine if responses differed according to different data collection methods, two cohorts consisting of 289 expectant mothers and 141 fathers completed the PASQ5 both verbally (weeks 6–7) and in writing (week 12) within regular antenatal visits. One of the cohorts (n = 137/64) also completed the SSAFP in week 12 and later in week 33. The third cohort, consisting of 179 and 133 expectant mothers and fathers, respectively, completed the PASQ5 and the SSAFP twice in late pregnancy (week 31 + 33). Eight of 10 items in the PASQ5 were stable for both expectant mothers and expectant fathers when comparing verbal versus written-delivered formats. Eight of 10 questions in the PASQ5 were stable when assessing the items in a test–retest analysis in late pregnancy for expectant mothers and nine of 10 questions were stable for fathers. The SSAFP items showed high internal consistency (0.86) for expectant mothers and excellent internal consistency (0.94) for expectant fathers. Most SSAFP items (17 of 21 for expectant mothers and 18 of 22 for expectant fathers) were also stable in a test–retest scenario in late pregnancy. Both the PASQ5 and SSAFP are reliable tools and may be helpful for clinicians who aim to have a deeper dialogue about alcohol consumption during pregnancy. These tools may also be helpful for researchers aiming to better understand a person's changes in alcohol intake and/or their social support network.     

Investigations into the effects of various hepatotoxic compounds on urinary and liver taurine levels in rats

The effect of various hepatotoxicants on urinary taurine and urinary creatine has been studied in the rat. Several hepatotoxic agents, carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide, galactosamine and allyl alcohol which all caused hepatic necrosis (sometimes accompanied by steatosis), resulted in a rise in urinary taurine and in some cases creatine, when administered to rats. Ethionine and hydrazine also raised urinary taurine but caused only steatosis and did not raise urinary creatine. Therefore urinary taurine and possibly creatine may be useful markers of liver injury and dysfunction. Liver taurine levels were also affected by some of the hepatotoxicants but in those cases where there was a rise in urinary taurine this could not be accounted for by the loss in liver taurine. It is suggested that the increase in urinary taurine is partly due to changes in protein synthesis and hence in sulphur amino acid metabolism caused by hepatotoxic agents. However, bromobenzene did not increase urinary taurine and-naphthylisothiocyanate and lithocholate caused reduced levels. It is suggested that this lack of increase in urinary taurine may be due to depletion of glutathione or interference with the biliary system.     

The relevance of ethnographic understanding to Aboriginal anti-grog initiatives

Aboriginal initiatives to “beat the grog” may or may not draw on ethnographies of Aboriginal drinking behaviour. The deeper reason for this uncertainty has to do with fundamental ideas of citizenship and (self) governance. What is the relevance of “culture” to individual responsibility? This paper reviews this question at three levels; the political debate about “rights” and “responsibility”, ethnographic depictions of Aborigines as both group-dominated and individualistic, and through one Aboriginal organization's embracing of the perspectives of Alcoholic's Anonymous.