Repeated ecological and life cycle transitions make salamanders an ideal model for evolution and development

Observations on the ontogeny and diversity of salamanders provided some of the earliest evidence that shifts in developmental trajectories have made a substantial contribution to the evolution of animal forms. Since the dawn of evo-devo there have been major advances in understanding developmental mechanisms, phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary models, and an appreciation for the impact of ecology on patterns of development (eco-evo-devo). Molecular phylogenetic analyses have converged on strong support for the majority of branches in the Salamander Tree of Life, which includes 764 described species. Ancestral reconstructions reveal repeated transitions between life cycle modes and ecologies. The salamander fossil record is scant, but key Mesozoic species support the antiquity of life cycle transitions in some families. Colonization of diverse habitats has promoted phenotypic diversification and sometimes convergence when similar environments have been independently invaded. However, unrelated lineages may follow different developmental pathways to arrive at convergent phenotypes. This article summarizes ecological and endocrine-based causes of life cycle transitions in salamanders, as well as consequences to body size, genome size, and skeletal structure. Salamanders offer a rich source of comparisons for understanding how the evolution of developmental patterns has led to phenotypic diversification following shifts to new adaptive zones.     

四川省三级甲等医院护士长人格特质与职业生涯成功感的相关性研究

目的 了解四川省三级甲等医院护士长职业生涯成功感及与人格特质的关系,为护士长培训及选拔提供依据。方法 对四川省66所三级甲等医院1 067名护士长,采用一般情况调查表、中文版职业生涯成功感量表、大五人格问卷简式版进行调查。结果 护士长职业生涯成功感总分为（38.72±8.13）分;人格特质宜人性得分最高（5.13±0.62）分,神经质得分最低（2.72±0.97）分。分层回归分析显示,控制人口学变量后,人格特质中的严谨性、开放性、外向性对职业生涯成功感总分解释的变异量增加了25.2%。结论 四川省三级甲等医院护士长职业生涯成功感处于较高水平,人格特质对职业生涯成功感产生影响。可从积极心理学角度,加强护士长积极人格的培养,以提高其职业生涯成功感。     

Substance-use disorders,personality traits,and sex differences in institutionalized adolescents

Background: Substance-use disorder (SUD) was found to be an aggravating factor to delinquency and is closely related to personality disorders (PDs). Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in the relationship between PD traits and SUD in adolescents institutionalized in child welfare and juvenile justice institutions. Methods: PD traits were measured dimensionally in a sample of 282 boys (69 with an SUD diagnosis) and 143 girls (45 with an SUD diagnosis) from child welfare and juvenile-justice institutions. Results: Logistic regressions showed that antisocial, borderline, and paranoid personality traits were positively associated with SUD, while obsessive compulsive personality traits were negatively related with SUD. Additionally, in institutionalized girls, self-defeating personality traits were associated with less risk of SUD. Conclusion: This study provides a relative evidence for sex specificities in the relation between PD traits and SUD.     

人格特质及社会支持对血液透析病人生存质量关系效应及影响路径临床分析

[目的]分析人格特质及社会支持对血液透析病人生存质量关系效应及影响路径联系情况。[方法]选取2017年2月—2019年2月行维持性血液透析病人114例,由经过培训的人员对病人进行艾森克人格问卷简式量表(EPQ-RSC)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和简明健康调查简表(SF-36)调查,为自评方式,对于阅读困难或者视力障碍者培训人员逐条阅读不带任何暗示,病人独立选择并由培训人员记录。记录病人各量表得分,对病人生存质量和社会支持、人格特质行相关性分析,结构方程模型软件AMOS17.0行路径分析。[结果]病人SF-36得分是(57.75±10.39)分,SSRS得分是(40.79±6.41)分,EPQ-RSC量表中分量表L、N、E、P得分依次是(5.49±1.08)分、(5.94±1.79)分、(7.30±3.01)分和(6.20±2.58)分;Spearman相关分析显示,E、L及社会支持和生存质量为正相关关系,P、N和生存质量为负相关关系(均P<0.05);E、L及社会支持和生存质量为正相关关系,N、P和生存质量为负相关关系;L、E和社会支持为正相关关系,P和社会支持为负相关关系(均P<0.05);病人生存质量受社会支持直接影响,受人格特质有间接和直接影响,效应分解显示,N、P对于生存质量具有负向效应(β=-0.220、-0.390,P<0.05),L、E对生存质量有正向效应(β=0.289、0.251,P<0.05)。[结论]临床血液透析病人的社会支持、人格特质和生存质量有相关性,提升病人社会支持度可改善病人生存质量。     

General regression model: A “model-free” association test for quantitative traits allowing to test for the underlying genetic model

Most genome-wide association studies used genetic-model-based tests assuming an additive mode of inheritance, leading to underpowered association tests in case of departure from additivity. The general regression model (GRM) association test proposed by Fisher and Wilson in 1980 makes no assumption on the genetic model. Interestingly, it also allows formal testing of the underlying genetic model. We conducted a simulation study of quantitative traits to compare the power of the GRM test to the classical linear regression tests, the maximum of the three statistics (MAX), and the allele-based (allelic) tests. Simulations were performed on two samples sizes, using a large panel of genetic models, varying genetic models, minor allele frequencies, and the percentage of explained variance. In case of departure from additivity, the GRM was more powerful than the additive regression tests (power gain reaching 80%) and had similar power when the true model is additive. GRM was also as or more powerful than the MAX or allelic tests. The true simulated model was mostly retained by the GRM test. Application of GRM to HbA1c illustrates its gain in power. To conclude, GRM increases power to detect association for quantitative traits, allows determining the genetic model and is easily applicable.     

家庭结构对农村学前儿童性格特点的影响

本文比较了北京远郊区２９７名来自不同家庭结构儿童的性格特征，结果表明，来自两代人家庭的儿童在好奇心、坚持性、伙伴威望、与人关系及对劳动态度上的得分显著高于三代人家庭的儿童。非独生子女在独立性、坚持性、任性、与人关系、自我中心、劳动态度上得分显著高于独生子女。女孩在独立性、坚持性、自尊心、与人关系、劳动态度上得分显著高于男孩，这些结果，对于我们怎样对待三代人家庭，怎样对待独生子女都有参考意义。