Clinical analysis of renoprotective responding patients administrated with oral adsorbent in chronic renal failure secondary to chronic glomerulonephritis

Abstract: An oral adsorbent (AST‐120) that removes uremic toxin has attenuated the progression of renal dysfunction. Although there were decreased serum creatinine (Scr) levels observed during administration, it is expected that the action of an oral adsorbent is different according to the patient. In the present study, the difference in the background was clarified. Methods: A total of 842 patients whose Scr had increased from 3.8 to 4.8 mg/dL during the prior 5.2 months were investigated. Antihypertensive medications and dietary protein intake were unmodified during 6 months administration. The patients were divided into three efficacy groups based on the changes in Scr level; those who had a decrease in Scr were grouped as Group A (N = 290), while those with a <1.5‐fold increase were defined as Group B (N = 428) and those with a ≥1.5‐fold increase were defined as Group C (N = 124). Results: Before administration, these three groups were indistinguishable by the Scr level. No Group A patient went onto dialysis, whereas 12% and 40% of Group B and C patients, respectively, required dialysis. In Group A, the slopes of 1/Scr over time, serum urea nitrogen, uric acid, phosphate, total protein, and diastolic blood pressure were all improved. Group B improved moderately and Group C showed less improvement. Conclusions: In this study, a fairly large number of patients (29% of the population) were believed to be the first case to report the reversibility of severe chronic renal failure. Except in patients with hypoproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, anemia or hypertension, AST‐120 either attenuates or arrests the progression in patients with severe chronic glomerulonephritis.     

Amanita phalloides poisoning: Mechanisms of toxicity and treatment

Amanita phalloides, also known as ‘death cap’, is one of the most poisonous mushrooms, being involved in the majority of human fatal cases of mushroom poisoning worldwide. This species contains three main groups of toxins: amatoxins, phallotoxins, and virotoxins. From these, amatoxins, especially α-amanitin, are the main responsible for the toxic effects in humans. It is recognized that α-amanitin inhibits RNA polymerase II, causing protein deficit and ultimately cell death, although other mechanisms are thought to be involved. The liver is the main target organ of toxicity, but other organs are also affected, especially the kidneys. Intoxication symptoms usually appear after a latent period and may include gastrointestinal disorders followed by jaundice, seizures, and coma, culminating in death. Therapy consists in supportive measures, gastric decontamination, drug therapy and, ultimately, liver transplantation if clinical condition worsens. The discovery of an effective antidote is still a major unsolved issue. The present paper examines the clinical toxicology of A. phalloides, providing the currently available information on the mechanisms of toxicityinvolved and on the current knowledge on the treatment prescribed against this type of mushrooms. Antidotal perspectives will be raised as to set the pace to new and improved therapy against these mushrooms.     

新型亲和吸附剂对血液中循环免疫复合物吸附性能的研究

从５种亲和吸附占筛选出病理性循环免疫复合物具有特异性的吸附的吸附剂，测定其比表面积、孔结构参数：平均孔径、孔容、并讨论了吸附诸条件对ＣＩＣ吸附性能的影响。     

纤维素基磁性聚偕肟树脂的研究：—（NH4）2IrCl6在树脂上的咐吸

碱式纤维素基磁性聚偕胺肟树脂（ＢＭＡＯ）吸附（ＮＨ４）２ＩｒＣｌ６是快速过程，属超当量吸附。吸附结果生成ＡＯ－Ｉｒ和ＡＯ２－Ｉｒ３络合物，随后Ｉｒ（Ⅳ）被偕胺肟基还原为Ｉｒ（０），聚集成球状晶簇附着在树脂表面。     

Mixed amlodipine/valsartan overdose treated by the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS™)

Abstract

Case report. We describe the case of a 58-year-old woman who developed a severe distributive shock following the intentional ingestion of a large overdose of amlodipine (480 mg) combined with valsartan (3680 mg). Extreme vasoplegia remained refractory to maximal standard therapy including fluid resuscitation, intravenous calcium, vasopressors at very high doses, hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia therapy, lipid emulsion, and methylene blue administration. Besides, the patient exhibited hyperglycemia refractory to very high doses of insulin. Due to its theoretical ability to effectively remove protein-bound drugs such as amlodipine from the circulation, albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS?) was performed during two consecutive sessions. Blood was drawn for toxicokinetic calculations. Amlodipine elimination half-life during the first MARS? session was calculated at 7.6 h. In addition, there was a rapid fall in blood glucose, requiring the introduction of a continuous infusion of glucose in order to achieve euglycemia. Moreover, a few hours after the initiation of the MARS? therapy, the hemodynamic status was not significantly modified but a significant tapering of epinephrine infusion was possible, together with a progressive decrease of blood lactate level. However, the need for vasopressors in decreasing doses was present until day 5 post-ingestion. Eventually, the patient fully recovered and was discharged home 8 days after admission. Discussion. The role of the MARS? in the treatment of severe poisoning of calcium channel blockers is still to be defined. We were able to demonstrate a relatively short elimination half-life of amlodipine. A decreased insulin resistance and a reduction of epinephrine infusion were also observed.     

Modified Grape Seeds: A Promising Alternative for Nitrate Removal from Water

The aim of this work was to investigate grape seeds as a potential adsorbent for nitrate removal from water. Grape seeds were modified by quaternization and the applicability of the modified grape seeds (MGS) was evaluated in batch adsorption experiments. Fixed bed adsorption and regeneration studies were carried out to determine the regeneration capacity of MGS. The maximum adsorption capacity of 25.626 mg g⁻¹ at native pH (6.3) for nitrate removal by MSG was comparable to that of the commercial anion exchange resin Relite A490 under similar conditions. The percent removal of nitrate from model nitrate solution was 86.47% and 93.25% for MGS, and Relite A490, respectively, and in synthetic wastewater 57.54% and 78.37%. Analysis of the batch adsorption data using isotherm models revealed that the Freundlich model provided a better fit to the data obtained than the Langmuir model, indicating multilayer adsorption. In kinetic terms, the results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-first order model. By investigating the adsorption mechanism, the results suggest that the intraparticle diffusion model was not the only process controlling the adsorption of nitrate on MGS. In column experiments (adsorption/desorption studies), three adsorption cycles were tested with minimal decrease in adsorption capacities, implying that this alternative adsorbent can be successfully regenerated and reused.     

Potential Applications of Arthrospira platensis Lipid-Free Biomass in Bioremediation of Organic Dye from Industrial Textile Effluents and Its Influence on Marine Rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis)

Arthrospira platensis is one of the most important cultured microalgal species in the world. Arthrospira complete dry biomass (ACDB) has been reported as an interesting feedstock for many industries, including biodiesel production. The A. platensis by-product of biodiesel production (lipid-free biomass; LFB) is a source of proteins, functional molecules, and carbohydrates, and can also be reused in several applications. The current study investigated the efficiency of ACDB and LFB in bioremediation of dye (Ismate violet 2R, IV2R) from textile effluents. In addition, the potential of ACDB and LFB loaded by IV2R as a feed for Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, was examined. The surface of the adsorbents was characterized by SEM, FTIR, and Raman analysis to understand the adsorption mechanism. The batch sorption method was examined as a function of adsorbent dose (0.02–0.01 g L⁻¹), solution initial concentration (10–100 mg L⁻¹), pH (2–10), and contact time (15–180 min). The kinetic studies and adsorption isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir, Tempkin, and Halsey) were used to describe the interaction between dye and adsorbents. The results concluded that the adsorption process increased with increasing ACDB and LFB dose, contact time (120 min), initial IV2R concentration (10 mg L⁻¹), and acidity pH (2 and 6, respectively). For the elimination of industrial textile wastewater, the ACDB and LFB sorbents have good elimination ability of a dye solution by 75.7% and 61.11%, respectively. The kinetic interaction between dye and adsorbents fitted well to Langmuir, Freundlish, and Halsey models for LFB, and Langmuir for ACDB at optimum conditions with R² > 0.9. In addition, based on the bioassay study, the ACDB and LFB loaded by IV2R up to 0.02 g L⁻¹ may be used as feed for the marine Rotifer B. plicatilis.     

Selective Removal of Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies and IgG In Vitro with an Immunoadsorbent Containing Immobilized Sulfathiazole

Adsorption therapy, which treats the autoimmune disease by the selective removal of pathogenic substances from the blood, is an active subject. In this therapy, bioactive molecules such as antigen, antibodies and protein A are usually used as affinity-ligands. The disadvantages of using these substances as affinity-ligands are the availability, sterilizability, and ability to cause antigenic reactions. After surveying hundreds of synthetic compounds, it was found that polyacrylic beads [Eupergit C (EC)] immobilized covalently with sulfathiazole (ST) are an ideal biomimetic ligand for the selective adsorption of IgG (24.3 +/- 0.4 mg IgG/g wet beads). In an in vitro study, this adsorbent selectively removed the antiacetylcholine (AChR) receptor antibody of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. Further experiments demonstrated that the Fab fragment was adsorbed three times more efficiently than the Fc fragment of IgG.     

凹叶厚朴茎段愈伤组织诱导中的褐变控制研究

目的研究愈伤组织诱导过程中的褐变问题。方法:将采集的标本进行外植体灭菌法再接种到培养基,在培养基中加抗褐变剂,进行防褐变试验。结果外植体在4℃冰箱冷藏48 h的预处理对褐变有较好的控制效果。在培养基中加入抗褐变剂比加入吸附剂抗褐变效果好,抗褐变剂中Vc的效果最佳,吸附剂PVP比活性炭好。结论培养条件,以低温遮光处理效果较好,光、温两个因素中,凹叶厚朴对光敏感,遮光能有效抑制褐变。液体浅层静置培养10 d后转入固体培养抗褐变的效果比单纯的固体培养效果好。     

耐盐性层析吸附剂的制备及性能

以再生纤维素钛白粉复合微球作层析基质,经环氧活化后实施两步功能基化反应,同时引入疏水基团和离子交换基团,制备了一种耐盐性层析吸附剂。其蛋白质吸附性能研究表明:吸附剂的吸附能力不依赖于盐浓度,对含有0.25 m o l/L N aC l的蛋白质溶液的平衡吸附容量分别为:牛血清白蛋白27 m g/mL,溶菌酶40 m g/mL。