Therapeutic effects of an oral adsorbent on acute dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis and its recovery phase in rats, especially effects of elimination of bile acids in gut lumen

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is still unknown. However, it is possible that faecal bile acids influence the clinical course. AIMS: To evaluate the eliminating effects of faecal bile acids by the oral adsorbent on dextran sulphate sodium-induced rat colitis. METHODS: Rats were given 3% dextran sulphate sodium aqueous solution for 7 days, with or without concomitant administration of oral adsorbent, or the rats were given dextran sulphate sodium for 7 days, followed with or without oral adsorbent for 5 days. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the colons and measurement of faecal bile acids were performed. The cytotoxicity of bile salts on Caco-2 cells was also evaluated. RESULTS: Oral adsorbent tended to attenuate the dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis. Oral adsorbent was fairly effective in reducing faecal hyodeoxycholic acid concentration. A positive correlation was found between the size of the ulcer area and the faecal hyodeoxycholic acid concentration. In a cell culture study, cytotoxicity of bile acid was parallel with increasing hydrophobicity of the bile acid. However, hyodeoxycholate exhibited severe cytotoxicity, despite its hydrophilic properties. CONCLUSIONS: Oral adsorbent tended to attenuate the dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis and tended to promote the recovery process. It is possible that bile acids in the gut lumen influence the progression of dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis and its repair process.     

类风湿因子免疫吸附血液灌流材料的制备及其性能评价

制备一种新型的类风湿因子（RF）免疫吸附剂并研究其性能。通过在氯甲基聚苯乙烯-二乙烯树脂（氯球）的表面接枝苯丙氨酸（PHE）,制备出可供临床应用的类风湿因子血液灌流吸附剂（PS-PHE）;体外动态灌流实验测定吸附剂的吸附率;体外动态洗脱实验测定RF的脱落量及脱落率;通过体外灌流模拟实验,检测灌流对血液成分的影响来评价吸附剂的选择性;体外凝血酶原时间（PTs）及凝血酶时间（TTs）检测实验验证材料的血液相容性。免疫吸附剂对类风湿因子IgA RF、IgG RF、IgM RF的吸附率分别可以达到45.21%±1.80%、56.02%±1.36%、52.40%±2.01% (n=5),洗脱后脱落率分别为22.10%±1.65%、19.23%±1.06%、21.31%±1.35% (n=5)。全血灌流实验中材料对红细胞、血小板、总蛋白的吸附均在10%以下。同时体外凝血酶原时间（PTs）及凝血酶时间（TTs）测定结果显示PS-PHE能延缓凝血速度。结论PS-PHE对RF具有较高的吸附率及特异性并且表现出优良的血液相容性,在类风湿关节炎的临床治疗方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Acute kidney injury spectrum in patients with chronic liver disease:Where do we stand?

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis and is of the utmost clinical and prognostic relevance. Patients with cirrhosis, especially decompensated cirrhosis, are more prone to develop AKI than those without cirrhosis. The hepatorenal syndrome type of AKI (HRS–AKI), a spectrum of disorders in prerenal chronic liver disease, and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) are the two most common causes of AKI in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Differentiating these conditions is essential due to the differences in treatment. Prerenal AKI, a more benign disorder, responds well to plasma volume expansion, while ATN requires more specific renal support and is associated with substantial mortality. HRS–AKI is a facet of these two conditions, which are characterized by a dysregulation of the immune response. Recently, there has been progress in better defining this clinical entity, and studies have begun to address optimal care. The present review synopsizes the current diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and treatment modalities of HRS–AKI and as well as AKI in other chronic liver diseases (non-HRS–AKI) so that early recognition of HRS–AKI and the appropriate management can be established.     

Bathurst Burr (Xanthium spinosum) Powder—A New Natural Effective Adsorbent for Crystal Violet Dye Removal from Synthetic Wastewaters

A new natural adsorbent material, Bathurst burr powder, was used to remove crystal violet dye from synthetic wastewaters. Particle size distribution and SEM and FTIR analyses were performed to characterize it. The effect of the operational adsorption process parameters (pH, ionic strength, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature) onto the adsorption process was evaluated in a batch system. Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies were performed in order to understand the adsorption process. Taguchi method and ANOVA test were used to optimize the dye adsorption conditions and to establish the percentage contribution of each factor, respectively. The accuracy of the Taguchi prediction method was analyzed by correlating the predicted dye removal efficiency with the experimentally determined one. The particle size distribution analysis showed that 82.15% of the adsorbent particles have an average size below 0.5 mm. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model. Maximum adsorption capacity value (164.10 mg·g⁻¹) was higher compared to many similar adsorbents. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and favorably involving a physisorption mechanism. The Taguchi method showed that the most influential controllable factor was pH (65% contribution in adsorption efficiency) and the data analysis indicates a very good accuracy of the experimental design (R² = 0.994). The obtained results demonstrated that Bathurst burr powder can be used as a cheap and efficient adsorbent for crystal violet dye removal from aqueous solution.     

人工肝支持系统在肝衰竭和肝脏移植中的临床应用研究

目的评价人工肝支持系统（ALSS）在肝衰竭和肝脏移植中的作用。方法对44例肝衰竭患者（包括12例行肝移植者）进行分子吸附循环系统（MARS）或血浆置换治疗，检测治疗前、后各种有毒物质及细胞因子等的改变并进行比较。结果44例肝衰竭患者，经ALSS治疗后临床症状及体征明显改善；血总胆红素、总胆汁酸、谷丙转氨酶、肌酐、尿素氮、血氨及内毒素水平明显降低（P〈0．05）；血清NO和TNF-α、IL-4、IL-6水平亦明显降低（P〈0．05）；治疗前、后红细胞、白细胞、血小板无明显变化（P〉0．05）。30例重型乙肝肝衰竭患者存活18例，存活率为60．0％；6例肝脏移植术前急性肝衰竭患者均成功接受肝脏移植；6例肝脏移植术后急性肝衰竭患者存活2例；2例胰十二指肠切除术后急性肝衰竭者，死亡1例。结论ALSS通过全面清除肝衰竭患者体内毒素、NO和细胞因子，对肝衰竭有肯定的治疗作用；并对等待肝脏移植的肝衰竭患者发挥过渡性桥梁作用。     

Molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS): clinical results of a new membrane-based blood purification system for bioartificial liver support

The use of xenogenic or genetically engineered cell types in bioartificial liver support systems requires separation methods between the patients' blood and the liver support bioreactors that guarantee the sufficient transfer of pathophysiologically relevant substances but prevent complications. The present paper describes a new membrane separation system that is nearly impermeable to proteins but enables the exchange of water soluble and protein bound toxins by a special membrane and a recycled protein containing dialysate. Because the full range of toxins in hepatic failure has still not been identified, the value of this membrane separation method was evaluated clinically. Thirteen patients suffering from life threatening hepatic failure who had not responded to state of the art therapy were treated with this device, the molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS). The overall survival rate was 69%. All patients showed positive response to the therapy, indicating that the presented membrane separator combines therapeutic effectivity with the highest safety criteria for the patient by cutting the exchange of substances below the level of proteins.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Chitosan Nanoparticles with Pyrimidine Derivative for Enhancing Ion Sorption and Application for Removal of Contaminants

Modified chitosan has been widely used for heavy metals removal during the last few decades. In this research, the study was focused on the effect of modified chitosan particles after grafting with heterocyclic constituent for enhancing the sorption of Cr(VI) ions. Chitosan was functionalized by 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione, in which the synthesized composite considered as a nanoscale size with average 5–7 nm. This explains the fast kinetics of sorption with large surface area. The prepared sorbent was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET surface area) theory, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mass spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) analyses. The experimental part of this work involved the application of the synthesized sorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from highly contaminated tannery effluents that are characterized by a high concentration toward chromate ions with other associated toxic elements, i.e., Pb(II) and Cd (II) ions, which underscore the importance of this treatment. Under the selected conditions (K₂Cr₂O₇ salt, C_o: 100 mg L⁻¹ and pH: 4), the sorption diagram shows high Cr(VI) sorption and fast uptake kinetics. The sorption was enhanced by functionalization to 5.7 mmol Cr g⁻¹ as well as fast uptake kinetics; 30 min is sufficient for total sorption compared with 1.97 mmol Cr g⁻¹ and 60 min for the non-grafted sorbent. The Langmuir and Sips equations were fitted for the sorption isotherms, while the pseudo-first order rate equation (PFORE) was fitted for the uptake kinetics.     

Quantitative characteristics of the microcirculation during aseptic inflammation in the rat uterus and the effect of local application of carbon-mineral adsorbents

Department of Lymphology, Institute of Physiology, Siberian Branch, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk. Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 110, No. 10, pp. 430–432, October, 1990.     

Long-Term Clinical Assessment of Combined ACAC HemoperfusionUltrafiltration in Uremia

ACAC hemoperfusion was used in series with a small fluid removal system for a clinical trial in the treatment of uremia. A 22-month trial included a pretest control period, test period and a post-test control period. The most significant observations from this trial are: 1) the predialysis body weight of the patient could be maintained closer to the patient's dry weight; 2) there was a significant increase in hematocrit; and 3) there was insufficient removal of urea. With the development of an effective urea removal system, a more compact artificial kidney than any presently available will become feasible.     

一种新型类肝素吸附剂的试制

研究了交联壳聚糖磺化衍生物的制备方法。以壳聚糖为原料，戊二醛为交联剂，并预先采用一定的活化，造粒方法，先制成一种具有一定反应活性的壳聚糖凝胶珠。再以甲酰胺－氯磺酸为磺化剂，在０－７０℃的反应条件下，制得了一种在稀酸，碱以及水中都较稳定的磺化壳聚糖吸附树脂。