血脂吸附剂的合成及吸附性能研究

目的 合成纳米复合材料作为吸附剂,并检测其吸附效果。方法 制备聚乙二醇(PEG)/蒙脱石(MMT)纳米复合材料,采用X-射线衍射分析PEG/MMT插层复合物的结构;应用合成的纳米复合材料做血脂和血清蛋白吸附实验。结果 较大相对分子质量的PEG与MMT插层后的层间距更大。PEG/MMT纳米复合材料对血清中的甘油三脂、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇吸附性强,对血清中白蛋白的吸附性能相对较弱,而MMT吸附性能差。结论 PEG/MMT纳米复合材料可以进一步开发为血脂吸附材料。     

应用MARS人工肝治疗急慢性重型肝炎临床研究

探讨分子吸附再循环系统(MARS)人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎的疗效和安全性。方法7例重型肝炎患者在内科综合治疗同时,加用MARS人工肝治疗。MARS人工肝治疗每次持续6～8h。结果7例重型肝炎患者在MARS治疗后,血总胆红素和总胆酸分别由(410.90±256.99)μmol/L和(107.37±69.78)μmol/L降至(310.60±88.97)μmol/L和(60.96±36.27)μmol/L(P<0.001);肌苷和尿素分别由(234.43±90.83)mmol/L和(12.64±5.29)mmol/L降至(93.29±45.27)mmol/L和(6.59±3.73mmol/L(P<0.05);凝血酶原时间(PT)和活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)分别由(26.81±)13.01s)和(57.54±18.44)s缩短至(17.98±4.52)s和(40.57±11.14)s(P<0.05MARS治疗前后患者血K 、Na 、白细胞和);血小板无显著改变(P>0.05);在MARS治疗期间患者血压、脉搏稳定。4例合并肝肾综合征(HRS)患者中,2例经MARS治疗病情好转,肾功能改善。结论MARS人工肝支持系统是治疗重型肝炎及合并HRS有效和安全的方法。     

Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Trachycarpus fortunei Seeds for the Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dyes

The removal of dyes from industrial effluents is one of the most important industrial processes that is currently on academic demand. In this project, for the first time, Trachycarpus fortunei seeds are used as biosources for the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) using physical as well as acid–base chemical methods. The synthesized AC was initially characterized by different instrumental techniques, such as FTIR, BET isotherm, SEM, EDX and XRD. Then, the prepared activated carbon was used as an economical adsorbent for the removal of xylenol orange and thymol blue from an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the effect of different parameters, i.e., concentration of dye, contact time, pH, adsorbent amount, temperature, adsorbent size and agitation speed, were investigated in batch experiments at room temperature. The analysis of different techniques concluded that the pyrolysis method created a significant change in the chemical composition of the prepared AC and the acid-treated AC offered a high carbon/oxygen composite, which is graphitic in nature. The removal of both dyes (xylenol orange and thymol blue) was increased with the increase in the dye’s initial concentration. Isothermal data suggested that the adsorption of both dyes follows the Langmuir model compared to the Freundlich model. The equilibrium time for AC biomass to achieve the removal of xylenol orange and thymol blue dyes was determined to be 60 min, and the kinetic data suggested that the adsorption of both dyes obeyed the pseudo-second order model. The optimal pH for thymol blue adsorption was pH 6, while it was pH 2 for xylenol orange. The adsorption of both dyes increased with the increase in the temperature. The influence of the adsorbent amount indicated that the adsorption capacity (mg/g) of both dyes reduced with the rise in the adsorbent amount. Thus, the current study suggests that AC prepared by an acid treatment from Trachycarpus fortunei seeds is a good, alternative, cost effective, and eco-friendly adsorbent for the effective removal of dyes from polluted water.     

石墨双向吸附特性的研究

使用高压匀浆泵制备出具有同时吸附长链正构烷烃和稠环芳烃能力的石墨吸附剂。借助于气相色谱、紫外光谱对吸附剂吸附能力进行了探讨,推导出等温吸附平衡方程,计算了等温吸附的平衡常数K(1400～40250)和标准自由焓变(-17～-26kJ/mol),证明了石墨吸附剂具有双向吸附能力。对影响石墨吸附的因素:吸附时间、温度、固液比、粒度及分散度进行了研究,认为石墨的粒度及分散度是影响石墨吸附的主要因素。     

壳聚糖为载体金属亲和吸附剂的制备及性质

以壳聚糖为载体、戊二醛为交联剂、亚氨基二乙酸(IDA)为螯合配基制备分别固载有Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+的三种金属螯合亲和吸附剂,其稳定性与机械强度均较好。实验表明,交联反应中戊二醛w=2.5×10-3时制得的上述三种吸附剂对牛血清白蛋白均具有最大吸附量,所得吸附剂膨胀度为8.46mL·g-1,对Cu2+的螯合量为70.61mg·g-1。对螯合配基亚氨基二乙酸与壳聚糖连接反应条件的选择表明:65℃、16h和CIDA=0.32moL·L-1时可获得对Cu2+最大螯合量。     

Carbonic-adsorbent AST-120 reduces overload of indoxyl sulfate and the plasma level of TGF-β1 in patients with chronic renal failure

Background We previously reported a significant increase in plasma TGF-β1 in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Progression of CRF may be caused by persistent renal production of TGF-β1. In CRF rat models, an oral carbonic absorbent (AST-120) reduces the expression of the TGF-β1 gene in the kidney, and delays the progression of CRF, in part by alleviating the overload of indoxyl sulfate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AST-120 on plasma levels of indoxyl sulfate and TGF-β1 in CRF patients. Methods Ten CRF patients (aged 59.3 ± 9.5 years, 5 men, serum creatinine 4.37 ± 1.72 mg/dl) were enrolled in this study. All patients maintained a regular dietary therapy and the same medication throughout the study. AST-120 was added at a dose of 6 g/day. Parameters including the slope of the reciprocal of the serum creatinine – time plot, plasma indoxyl sulfate level, and plasma and urinary levels of TGF-β1 were compared before and after the treatment with AST-120. The mean observation periods before and after the treatment were 9.7 ± 2.8 and 6.5 ± 2.9 months, respectively. Results Administration of AST-120 significantly reduced the plasma levels of indoxyl sulfate (1.42 ± 1.50 vs. 1.26 ± 1.40 mg/dl, P < 0.05) and TGF-β1 (17.9 ± 7.2 vs. 10.6 ± 4.7 ng/ml, P < 0.05) and improved the slope of the reciprocal of serum creatinine (−0.061 ± 0.041 vs. −0.032 ± 0.055 dl/mg/year, P < 0.05). Conclusions These results support the notion that indoxyl sulfate and TGF-β1 may be involved in the progression of CRF, and that the oral adsorbent AST-120 may suppress the progression, at least in part, by reducing overproduction of TGF-β1.     

分子再吸附循环系统治疗重型肝炎20例疗效观察

目的探讨分子吸附再循环系统（MARS）治疗重型肝炎的疗效和安全性。方法对20例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者在内科综合治疗基础上,使用分子吸附冉循环系统支持治疗,每次6h。结果20例患者经MARS人工肝治疗后,治愈好转12例,治愈好转率60％;血中总胆红素、胆汁酸等非水溶性蛋白结合毒素及血氨等水溶性毒素明昴下降（P〈0．05）,凝血酶原活动度显著升高（P〈0．05）,治疗前后肾功能、血常规和电解质无椎著变化（P〉0．05）;治疗期间血压、心率稳定。结论MARS是临床治疗重型肝炎安全有效的方法。     

Molecular insights into preventive effects of AST-120 on the progression of renal failure

Circulating uremic toxins are considered to be involved in the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF). An oral adsorbent AST-120 (Kremezin) is effective in removing circulating uremic toxins from the digestive tract, and retards the progression of CRF. The administration of AST-120 combined with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or a low-proein diet has an additive effect on the progression of CRF. In a variety of experimental models of CRF, AST-120 attenuates the progression of interstitial fibrosis and inflammation, as well as attenuating that of glomerular sclerosis. However, the precise mechanism by which AST-120 delays the progression of CRF had not been clear. Indoxyl sulfate, a dietary protein metabolite, is a circulating uremic toxin that stimulates the progression of CRF. AST-120 reduces the serum and urine levels of indoxyl sulfate and the accumulation of indoxyl sulfate in remnant tubular cells, by adsorbing its precursor, indole, in the intestine. The administration of indoxyl sulfate to uremic rats stimulated the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and pro-α1(I)collagen in the kidneys. The administration of AST-120 to uremic rats reduced the extent of glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis, as well as reducing the renal expression of TGF-β1 and TIMP-1, by alleviating the overload of indoxyl sulfate in remnant tubular cells. We propose the protein metabolite theory, i.e., that endogenous protein metabolites such as indoxyl sulfate play an important role in the progression of CRF, and that AST-120 is effective in retarding the progression of CRF by adsorbing these protein metabolites in the intestine. Received: August 31, 2001 / Accepted: September 11, 2001     

连续性白蛋白净化系统治疗重型肝炎的护理操作方法及疗效

目的探讨连续性白蛋白净化系统（continuealbuminpurificationsystem,CAPS）治疗重型肝炎的护理操作方法及疗效。方法根据分子吸附再循环系统（molecularadsorbentrecirculatingsystem,MARS）治疗原理,利用床边血滤机和血透机对13例重型肝炎患者行CAPS治疗45例次,探讨护理操作方法并观察治疗前后各项肝功能、肾功能、电解质和凝血功能指标的变化。结果CAPS治疗重型肝炎操作方法相对MARS简单可行,治疗费用明显降低,治疗后各项肝功能、肾功能和凝血功能指标明显好转。结论CAPS是人工肝支持系统（artificialliversupportsystem,ALSS）治疗重型肝炎的新方法,操作方法相对MARS简单可行,但应总结护理经验,预防并发症发生。     

Suppression of inflammation during cell‐free concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy using a blood purification device

In recent years, cell‐free concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy has been used to treat patients with malignant ascites. However, concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy involves enrichment and reinfusion of useful proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, fever is a primary side effect and significant problem for patients with ascites. We removed IL‐6, an inflammatory cytokine, by mixing malignant ascites and the hexadecyl group adsorbent from a β₂‐microglobulin‐adsorbing column (Lixelle S‐15). As a result, the hexadecyl group adsorbent did not adsorb the albumin of malignant ascites but adsorbed 43% of IL‐6. To investigate the effect of the hexadecyl group adsorbent on hepatocytes, the adsorbed ascites was added to a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2), and the gene expression levels of albumin and serum amyloid A protein were examined. After absorption, ascites showed significantly suppressed serum amyloid A protein expression and significantly increased albumin gene expression compared to before adsorption. Our results suggest that incorporation of Lixelle to filter and concentrate malignant ascites can suppress inflammatory responses and reduce the inhibition of albumin synthesis in the liver after reinfusion.