A New Pectin-Based Material for Selective LDL-Cholesterol Removal

Abstract: A new material, natural polysaccharide-pectin, was tested for removal of human blood lipoproteins. Pectin was prepared in a granular form with the help of the specifically designed gelification device and tested in batch sorption experiments in vitro for removal of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) from human plasma. Pectin granules removed 40% of TC, 45% of LDL-C, and 36% of HDL-C on average with respect to the initial amounts whereas corresponding values for LA-40 Kanegafuchi adsorbent were 69%, 81%, and 33% in the same experimental conditions (shaking 1 g of sorbent sample with 2 ml of plasma).     

MARS治疗6例肝功能衰竭体会

目的本研究探讨分子吸附再循环系统（MARS）在6例急性肝衰竭和慢性基础上急性加重患者中应用的效果。方法6例患者包括毒蘑菇中毒、肝癌、败血症休克、慢性肝衰竭急性加重等，其肝功能均严重受损，检测指标包括血氨、血总胆红素、直接胆红素、血尿素氮、血肌酐、肝性脑病级别等。结果经单次MARS治疗后血氨均有所下降，血总胆红素下降17．6％～40．0％，血肌酐及尿素氮均有不同程度下降。结论MARS是一种有效的人工肝支持系统，血胆红素越高其清除效果越明显，但对肝癌的效果差，治疗败血症休克需联合其他血液透析方式。     

Preparation of Hydrogarnet/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Adsorbents for Humic Substance Removal

Humic substances are constituents of organic matter that require removal from water environments because of their adverse ecological and sanitation effects. A mixture of hydrogarnet and poly(lactic acid) dissolved in chloroform was electrospun to prepare a composite as a adsorbent for humic substance removal. Here, humic acid was used as the model substance for evaluating the adsorbent’s water remediation efficiency. Despite the hydrogarnet particles being embedded in its poly(lactic acid) fibers, the composites demonstrated a higher humic acid removal ability than the pure poly(lactic acid) sample prepared using an electrospinning process. Pores were introduced to the fiber surfaces of the composite by controlling the relative humidity during electrospinning, thus enhancing their humic acid removal ability (4.6 ± 2.4 mg/g), compared to the composite consisting of the fibers without pores (1.2 ± 0.9 mg/g).     

我院高分子材料研究开发的进展

综述了上海医药工业研究院树脂研究室４０年来在高分子材料的研制及其在医药工业中应用方面的进展，并简要展望今后的发展方向     

石油焦制备碳质吸附剂的研究

以石油炼制过程中的副产物石油焦为原料，研究了水活化法制备碳分子筛的可行性，重点考察了活化水用量和活化温度对样品吸附性能的影响，并测试了样品的微观孔结构和孔形状。实验结果表明，在水筛比为1．0(m：m)，活化温度为800℃的条件下，所制样品不仅具有均匀的孔径分布和良好的氢分离效果，而且已初步形成了狭缝状微孔。     

Pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B during extracorporeal albumin dialysis

Extracorporeal blood purification techniques such as hemofiltration or albumin dialysis can exert a significant, but not easily predictable influence on plasma pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial agents. The effect of albumin dialysis on the pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B (AMB) and other lipid-formulated drugs has not been investigated so far. Therefore, plasma concentrations of liberated and liposomal AMB were measured in a patient, who obtained liposomal AMB for suspected invasive mycosis and required albumin dialysis because of cholestatic liver failure caused by graft versus host disease after bone marrow transplantation. Liberated and liposomal AMB were separated by solid phase extraction and measured by high performance liquid chromatography. No excessive AMB elimination took place during albumin dialysis. Plasma levels of liposomal AMB exceeded those of liberated AMB. Pharmacokinetic data were comparable to those obtained previously in patients on hemofiltration and in critically ill patients without extracorporeal blood purification.     

Teicoplanin pharmacokinetics during albumin dialysis

Teicoplanin (TP) pharmacokinetics was assessed in a critically ill patient during albumin dialysis (AD), which was performed with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system. After a 1200-mg loading dose (24 mg/kg), doses of 1200 and 1000 mg (20 mg/kg) on day 2 and 3, respectively, were administered during two cycles of AD. The mean TP peak and trough concentrations amounted to 99.3 and 21.4 μg/mL, respectively, during AD. A mean half-life of 5.5 h, an apparent volume of distribution of 0.302 L/kg, and a mean total TP clearance of 39 mL/h/kg were calculated. Ninety minutes after the start of AD, the extracorporeal clearance was 3560 mL/h. Within 8 h of AD therapy, the serum concentrations decreased by about 75%. Despite a considerable elimination of TP by AD, therapeutic serum levels could be maintained during the entire treatment by administration of high doses and close monitoring of TP serum concentrations.     

Early Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System Treatment of Amanita Mushroom Poisoning

Acute poisoning due to ingestion of hepatotoxic Amanita sp. mushrooms can result in a spectrum of symptoms, from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to life‐threatening acute liver failure. With conventional treatment, Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning carries a substantial risk of mortality and many patients require liver transplantation. The molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) is an artificial liver support system that can partly compensate for the detoxifying function of the liver by removing albumin‐bound and water‐soluble toxins from blood. This treatment has been used in acute liver failure to enable native liver recovery and as a bridging treatment to liver transplantation. The aim of the study is to evaluate the outcome of 10 patients with Amanita mushroom poisoning who were treated with MARS. The study was a retrospectively analyzed case series. Ten adult patients with accidental Amanita poisoning of varying severity were treated in a liver disease specialized intensive care unit from 2001 to 2007. All patients received MARS treatment and standard medical therapy for mushroom poisoning. The demographic, laboratory, and clinical data from each patient were recorded upon admission. The one‐year survival and need for liver transplantation were documented. The median times from mushroom ingestion to first‐aid at a local hospital and to MARS treatment were 18 h (range 14–36 h) and 48 h (range 26–78 h), respectively. All 10 patients survived longer than one year. One patient underwent a successful liver transplantation. No serious adverse side‐effects were observed with the MARS treatment. In conclusion, MARS treatment seems to offer a safe and effective treatment option in Amanita mushroom poisoning.     

新型聚胺基糖表面处理氧化纤维口服吸附剂对肾衰模型鼠的研究

用一种新型聚胺基糖表面处理氧化纤维口服吸附剂（ＣｇｉｔｉｓａｎＤＡＣ）对正常和慢性肾衰模型鼠进行了尿素、氨的体外吸附实验研究，ＣｈｉｔｏｓａｎＤＡＣ在用大鼠胃肠内容物的上清液进行的体外研究中表现出较高的吸附能力。而活性炭Ｋｒｅｍｃｚｉｎ对这些物质的吸附能力则较差。用含５％的ＣｈｉｔｏｓａｎＤＡＣ饲料喂养正常大鼠３周后，其于粪重量、粪内水分含量及粪中含氮量明显增加，而蛋白质表面吸收率则下降。部分结扎肾动脉制成慢性肾衰大鼠模型，用含或不含５％ＣｈｉｔｏｓａｎＤＡＣ的饲料喂养２个月。前者血中尿素氮浓度明显降低，但和后者相比，它们尿中的尿素氮含量无明显差异。提示ＣｈｉｔｏｓａｎＤＡＣ在胃肠道内对尿素和氨的吸附而促进了这些物质在粪中的排泄．ＣｈｉｔｏｓａｎＤＡＣ可降低血浆肌酐浓度，增加肌酐清除率和血红蛋白浓度。而且组织学检查表明服用ＣｈｉｔｏｓａｎＤＡＣ的大鼠其肾小球硬化程度有所减轻。这些观察提示服用ＣｈｉｔｏｓａｎＤＡＣ引起的蛋白质表面吸收率下降，干粪重量、粪内水分含量及其尿毒素排泄的增加，可能在改善慢性肾衰大鼠肾功能方面起着重要作用。