Cortical projections arising from the basal forebrain: a study of cholinergic and noncholinergic components employing combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase

The neurochemical identity of ascending putative cholinergic pathways from the rat basal forebrain was investigated employing a method for simultaneously visualizing choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase-conjugated wheatgerm agglutinin. This histochemical procedure revealed three distinct populations of neurons: (1) cells which stained only for choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity; (2) cells which stained only for retrograde tracer and (3) cells which stained simultaneously for choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and retrograde tracer. The results demonstrated that this projection is topographically organized and consists of both cholinergic and noncholinergic components. The relative contribution of each component varied with the telencephalic target area as follows: the olfactory bulb receives a projection from cells of the horizontal limb nucleus, 10-20% of which are cholinergic (Ch3); the hippocampal formation receives afferents from cells of the medial septal and vertical limb nuclei, 35-45% of which are cholinergic (Ch1 and Ch2); and the cortical mantle receives afferents primarily from cells within the substantia innominata-nucleus basalis complex, 80-90% of which are cholinergic (Ch4). The topographical organization of Ch4 projections is not as completely differentiated as we have previously observed in the primate.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素及甲硝唑

目的 建立蜂蜜中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素及甲硝唑残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定方法。方法 以乙酸乙酯作为提取剂,经涡旋混匀提取后,氮吹至干,用5%甲醇水溶解,Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化。经甲醇洗脱,洗脱液经45℃水浴氮吹至干,流动相涡旋溶解,上机测定。高效液相色谱分离、串联质谱检测,采用多离子反应监测（MRM）模式,内标法定量。结果 在优化条件下,4种抗生素浓度在0.1～5.0μg/L范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数（r）≥0.9953,方法检出限≤0.015μg/kg,不同基质中平均加标回收率为78.5%～95.1%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.8%～10.7%。结论 该方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于蜂蜜中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素及甲硝唑的同时测定。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定血清中的16种多环芳烃

目的 建立血清中16种多环芳烃的气相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。方法 血清样经甲醇沉淀蛋白,加入正己烷与二氯甲烷混合溶剂萃取,萃取物氮吹至近干后,正己烷和二氯甲烷混合溶剂复溶,取1 μl上清液进样分析。16种待测多环芳烃经DB-5色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)分离,多反应监测模式监测,内标法定量。结果 本法在1.0 μg/L～2.0×10² μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为4.20×10^-2 μg/L～0.27 μg/L,加标回收率为79.7%～108.0%,精密度为2.57%～6.76%。结论 本方法具有灵敏、快速、回收率和重复性好等优点,满足人血清中多种多环芳烃测定的要求。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时快速检测微量血清中6种脂溶性维生素

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）同时快速检测微量血清中维生素A、维生素D（25-OH-VD2 、25-OH-VD3 ）、维生素E（α-、β-和γ-生育酚）的方法。方法 血清中脂溶性维生素经甲醇-乙腈（50:50, v/v)沉淀蛋白、正己烷萃取,以Phenomenex Kinetex F5色谱柱为分离柱,2.5 mmol/L甲酸铵-0.1%甲酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,电喷雾电离（ESI+ ）、多反应监测（MRM）模式下检测,同位素内标法定量。结果 血清中6种脂溶性维生素线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数 r >0.995;6种脂溶性维生素的检测限为0.20~1.25 ng/ml,定量限为0.39~3.88 ng/ml;加标回收率为86.6%~107.7%,日内精密度<9.6%,日间精密度<9.3%。NIST标准参照品SRM 968f验证方法准确度,结果偏差均在5%以内。结论 本方法准确度高、重现性好、用血量少,适于婴幼儿等采血困难者微量血样中多种脂溶性维生素的同时快速检测。     

血清和尿液中22种真菌毒素的高效液相色谱——四极杆轨道阱质谱筛查方法建立

目的 建立血液、尿液中22种常见真菌毒素的液液萃取-高效液相色谱四极杆轨道阱质谱测定方法。方法 基于高效液相色谱-四极杆轨道阱质谱技术,首先建立22种常见真菌毒素的色谱质谱数据库。然后取血清和尿液样品,用0.10 mol/L NaOH 溶液调节至碱性,加入乙酸乙酯涡旋混合萃取,萃取液用弱的氮气吹至近干,残渣加甲醇水溶液（50∶50,v/v）复溶,经过滤后进 LC - MS/MS 分析。在一定识别标准下与数据库比对进行定性筛查。结果 尿液和血液检出限（limit of detection,LOD）分别为2.61×10 - 3～50.0 ng/ml和2.07×10 - 3～50.0 ng/ml,定量限（limit of quantitation,LOQ）分别为8.70×10 - 3～1.67×102 ng/ml和 6.91×10 - 3～1.67×102 ng/ml。尿液测定日内相对标准偏差（relative standard derivations, RSDs）为2.34%～8.40%,日间RSDs为4.80%～10.9%;血液测定日内RSDs为2.10%～10.6%,日间RSDs为3.07%～11.6%。结论 建立的快速筛查方法操作简单,具有高通量、高灵敏度和高准确性的特点,符合生物样品中毒物分析鉴定的要求,同时可以更好地发现新型毒物和未知毒物。     

Free Fatty Acids Signature in Human Intestinal Disorders: Significant Association between Butyric Acid and Celiac Disease

Altered circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), namely short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), are associated with metabolic, gastrointestinal, and malignant diseases. Hence, we compared the serum FFA profile of patients with celiac disease (CD), adenomatous polyposis (AP), and colorectal cancer (CRC) to healthy controls (HC). We enrolled 44 patients (19 CRC, 9 AP, 16 CD) and 16 HC. We performed a quantitative FFA evaluation with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method (GC–MS), and we performed Dirichlet-multinomial regression in order to highlight disease-specific FFA signature. HC showed a different composition of FFAs than CRC, AP, and CD patients. Furthermore, the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) confirmed perfect overlap between the CRC and AP patients and separation of HC from the diseased groups. The Dirichlet-multinomial regression identified only strong positive association between CD and butyric acid. Moreover, CD patients showed significant interactions with age, BMI, and gender. In addition, among patients with the same age and BMI, being male compared to being female implies a decrease of the CD effect on the (log) prevalence of butyric acid in FFA composition. Our data support GC–MS as a suitable method for the concurrent analysis of circulating SCFAs, MCFAs, and LCFAs in different gastrointestinal diseases. Furthermore, and notably, we suggest for the first time that butyric acid could represent a potential biomarker for CD screening.     

高原地区MS及PD患者5种微量元素水平变化及其意义初探

目的：探讨高原环境下多发性硬化（MS）和帕金森氏病（PD）血清某些微量元素含量的变化与发病的相关性。方法：以电感藕合等离子体发射光谱法测定19例MS和22例PD患者血清Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Al等五种微量元素水平。结果：MS患者血清Mn、Al水平显著高于正常对照组,而Cu含量则较低。Zn和Fe无明显变化。PD组Al含量明显升高（P＜0．01）,Mn水平亦有上升趋势（P＜0．05）。结论：作者结合文献复习对这一结果进行初步分析和讨论,并认为微量元素的改变可能与这二种病的发病机制有一定联系。     

Neuroprotective effects of Longxue Tongluo Capsule on ischemic stroke rats revealed by LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect and explore the underlying mechanisms of Longxue Tongluo Capsule (LTC) on ischemic stroke rats. Methods: Twenty-six rats were randomly divided into four groups, including sham group, sham + LTC group, MCAO group, and MCAO + LTC group. Ischemic stroke rats were simulated by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and LTC treatment group were orally administrated with 300 mg/kg of LTC once daily for seven consecutive days. LTC therapy was validated in terms of neurobehavioral abnormality evaluation, cerebral infarct area, and histological assessments. The plasma metabolome comparisons amongst different groups were conducted by UHPLC-Q Exactive MS in combination with subsequent multivariate statistical analysis, aiming to finding the molecules in respond to the surgery or LTC treatment. Results: Intragastric administration of LTC significantly decreased not only the neurobehavioral abnormality scores but also the cerebral infarct area of MCAO rats. The interstitial edema, atrophy, and pyknosis of glial and neuronal cells occurred in the infarcted area, core area, and marginal area of cerebral cortex were improved after LTC treatment. A total of 13 potential biomarkers were observed, and Youden index of 11 biomarkers such as LysoPC, SM, and PE were more than 0.7, which were involved in neuroprotective process. The correlation and pathway analysis showed that LTC was beneficial to ischemic stroke rats via regulating glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism, together with nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Heatmap and ternary analysis indicated the synergistic effect of carbohydrates and lipids may be induced by flavonoid intake from LTC. Conclusion: The present study could provide evidence that metabolomics, as systematic approach, revealed its capacity to evaluate the holistic efficacy of TCM, and investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the clinical treatment of LTC on ischemic stroke.     

基于指纹图谱和UPLC-MS/MS定量测定对不同产地陈皮的质量评价研究

目的 采用HPLC指纹图谱与化学计量学相结合、UPLC-MS/MS测定多黄酮成分含量的方法,测定不同产地陈皮质量,为其鉴别和质量控制提供依据。方法 采用HPLC-DAD指纹图谱检测并结合“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2012A版）”建立6个产区,49个不同批次陈皮药材（S1～S49）指纹图谱,并进行相似度评价和共有峰确认,结合聚类分析（hierarchical clustering analysis,HCA）、主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）、正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析（orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA）等化学计量学综合分析。采用UPLC-MS/MS法建立了8个黄酮类成分柚皮素、柚皮苷、木犀草苷、川陈皮素、橙皮素、橙皮苷、橘皮素和芸香柚皮苷的含量测定方法对60批7个产地陈皮药材进行评价。结果 建立了49批不同产地陈皮药材的指纹图谱,相似度为0.864～0.999,共标定了11个共有峰,HCA分析49批陈皮明显分为4类;PCA得到5个主成分的累积方差贡献率为92.748%;OPLS-DA表明8、7、10和11号峰可能是影响陈皮药材质量的差异标志物;含量测定结果表明不同产地陈皮中黄酮类含量存在显著差异,广东新会以川陈皮素和橘皮素为主要标志成分,四川荷花池以木犀草苷为差异性成分,江西樟树以柚皮素和柚皮苷为差异性成分,广西玉林则以橙皮素、橙皮苷和芸香柚皮苷为主,重庆云阳以川陈皮素和橙皮苷为主。结论 建立了稳定性强的不同产地陈皮HPLC指纹图谱和8个黄酮类UPLC-MS/MS定量测定方法,结合化学计量学可用于陈皮药材综合评价和质量控制。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法结合QuEChERS法快速检测中药中50种农药残留

目的 建立运用气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）法快速筛查460份中药材及其中药饮片（43份）中常用的50种农药残留。方法 通过对比《中国药典》2020版中药中农药残留的前处理方法,优选中药中50种农药残留的适配性前处理方法。中药样品经乙腈溶剂提取,以Qu ECh ERS法处理,采用GC-MS/MS测定,内标法定量。结果 在460份检测样品中共检出农药残留66份,总检出率为14.3%,检出禁用农药6份,检出率为1.3%,43份中药饮片中农药残留检出率为11.6%,未检出禁用农药。农残的检出是季节性分布集中出现在第3、4季度,农贸市场和种植地的农残检出率明显高于医院和药店,并且存在农残超标情况。中药中根类和叶类受污染最重,中药材全草类中农药残留最多,检出率为20.4%,其次为叶类18.3%和根茎类16.3%,中药饮片中农残最高为叶类,检出率为15.4%,全草类检出率为11.1%、根茎类检出率为6.2%,全草类、根茎类和叶类存在样品中检出多种农药残留的现象。结论 该方法简单快速、灵敏度高、重现性好、准确度高,可快速筛查中药中农药残留,为保障中药质量提供参考。