A simple method for screening assessment of acute toxicity of chemicals

We proposed a simple method for screening assessment of acute oral and dermal toxicity using only three rats and mice of each sex at each dose level. Animals were first treated with chemicals at a dose of 2000 mg/kg and were carefully observed for compound-related morbidity and mortality. If none of the animals died, the following toxicity tests were suspended. If some of the animals died, toxicity tests at doses of 200 and 20 mg/kg were performed. The approximate LD₅₀ values calculated by this method showed little difference between two separate laboratories and were in good agreement with LD₅₀ values reported in the literature. Our toxicological data also showed that LD₅₀ values were about 2–2.5 times the MNLD (maximum non lethal dose) in acute oral and dermal toxicity. This meant that a chemical could be regarded as having an LD₅₀ of about 4000 mg/kg or higher when there was no mortality at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. A chemical with such low toxicity would not require further testing for lethal effects. Therefore, this simple method combining the fixed-dose procedure with the limit test is suitable for determination of approximate LD₅₀ values of chemicals and for screening for necessity for classical full LD₅₀ test using many animals.This work was supported by a grant from Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan (No. 467 and 511)     

Pilon骨折的治疗

作者自1988年1月至1993年12月收治Pilon骨折31例，根据Riled的分类祛：Ⅰ型5例，Ⅱ型10例，Ⅲ型16例．手术治疗22例，保守治疗9例．随访l－4年，疗效按Bourne的标准评定，Ⅰ型骨折手术或保守治疗优良率100％，Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折手术治疗优良率85％，保守治疗优良率33．3％．作者认为Pilon骨折Ⅱ、Ⅲ型应手术治疗．保守治疗仅用于Ⅰ型骨折．手术控AO的四步重建法进行．但严重的粉碎骨折或开放骨折伴软组织缺损，内固定确定难干实施者，则改用踝部超关节外固定支架固定．     

重组人红细胞生成素治疗肾性贫血的临床分析

目的　观察重组人红细胞生成素 (RhEPO)对肾性贫血的治疗作用。方法　根据使用EPO剂量的不同将 39例慢性肾衰竭并血液透析病人分成 4组 ,观察治疗后 2、4、12个月时与治疗前 (0月 )相比红细胞数 (RBC)、红细胞比积 (Hct)及血红蛋白含量 (Hb)的变化。结果　 2 4例使用EPO10 0 - 15 0IU/ (kg·w) (6 0 0 0IU/w - 90 0 0IU/w) ,治疗后RBC、Hct、Hb较治疗前有显著升高 (P≤ 0 .0 0 1) ;5例使用EPO5 0IU/ (kg·w) (30 0 0IU/w) +间断输血患者 ,其RBC、Hct、Hb升高不显著 ;10例不用EPO而单纯输血患者 ,其RBC、Hct、Hb无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　EPO能较好地纠正肾性贫血 ;单纯输血不能治疗肾性贫血     

急性胰腺炎病因和诊治十年变迁(附725例报道)

急性胰腺炎的病因和早期诊治一直是临床医师关注的问题。目的：探讨近十年来急性胰腺炎病因、诊断和治疗的变迁及其对预后和住院费用的影响，总结急性胰腺炎的治疗经验。方法：采用回顾性临床研究方法，将725例人选患者分为两组．1993年4月～1998年12月就诊的患者为第一组，1999年1月～2002年8月就诊的患者为第二组：分析两组患者病因、诊断指标、治疗方案、并发症、预后、住院费用方面的变化。结果：比较两组病因，两组患胆囊炎胆结石者分别占72．3％和75．8％，高脂血症者分别占25．3％和25．8％，酗酒者分别占10．6％和9．7％。血清淀粉酶水平高于正常上限3倍的总检出率为66．9％．CT诊断总阳性率为92．0％。第一组46．9％的患者应用生长抑素，31．1％的重症患者发生胰腺假性囊肿，2．2％发生胰腺脓肿，死亡率为15．6％。第二组72-3％的患者应用生长抑素，13．2％的重症患者发生胰腺假性囊肿，2．2％发生胰腺脓肿，死亡率为6．5％。第二组的住院费用与第一组相比呈下降趋势，但无显著差异。结论：胆道疾病仍为急性胰腺炎的主要病因，血清淀粉酶和CT是急性胰腺炎较常用和可靠的检查手段。通过早期足量应用胰酶抑制剂(尤其是生长抑素)、肠道去污和改善胰腺微循环，可改善急性胰腺炎的预后，降低并发症发生率、死亡率和住院费用。     

基于临床流程功能需求的生理监测仪配置评估

病人生理监测仪是临床医学的主要仪器之一，由于所涉及的技术流程定位不同，功能需求也就不同，其功能配置也应有所不同。本文从分解分析生理监测仪相关应用领域的技术定位功能需求出发，讨论卫生技术装备管理的功能配置评估。     

Treatment of osteoporosis in men

Osteoporosis in men is recognised worldwide as an important and increasing public health problem. The causes are more heterogeneous than those in women. About 50% are diagnosed as secondary cases. In some secondary forms of osteoporosis the specific diagnosis results in additional therapeutic options (e.g. androgen therapy in proven hypogonadism). The basic therapy for osteoporosis in men is no different to that in postmenopausal women, namely recommendations for counteracting modifiable risk factors, especially with regard to diet, physical exercise, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Concerning specific drug medications, however, even today there is still a therapeutic dilemma in male osteoporosis. While older substances (e.g. calcitonin, fluoride, alfacalcidol) are approved for both sexes, all newer medications have primarily been approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Health authorities request studies in purely male populations. For new drugs, fracture data are necessary while for new substances within a class (e.g. bisphosphonates), at the very least consistent effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers are requested. Due to these regulatory rules, ibandronate, teriparatide and strontium ranelate are not approved in the European Union. Some years ago, alendronate was the first bisphosphonate that was approved for the treatment of men with osteoporosis, based on consistent results from two independent male studies using a daily 10 mg dosage. Very recently risedronate was approved by the FDA and EMEA. A randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial of 285 male patients showed, after 2 years, a 5.8% increase in lumbar spine BMD in the risedronate 35 mg once weekly group vs 1.2% in the placebo group. In a prospective controlled study on 316 men with primary or secondary osteoporosis we found, after 12 months, a lumbar spine BMD of +4.7% vs +1.0% in controls. The number of patients with one or more new vertebral fractures was 8 in the risedronate group and 20 in the placebo group (a fracture reduction of 60%). Furthermore, we found a significantly smaller decrease in height and a steeper decrease in back pain in the risedronate group. Risedronate is the first oral bisphosphonate available for men with the more comfortable once weekly dosage.     

Graves甲亢多种治疗方法对Graves眼病影响的系统评价

目的 通过榆索、分析文献系统评价131I、手术、抗甲状腺药物(ATD)治疗Graves病(GD)对Graves眼病(GO)的影响.方法 检索了MEDIJNE(1966年-2006年3月)、EMBASE(1984-2005年)、The Cochrane Library(2006年第1期)、中国生物医学文献光盘数据库(EBMdisc,1978年1月-2006年4月)和中国学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI,1994-2006年)所收录的有关不同GD治疗方法对GO影响的文献,同时从参考文献中追溯文献.对纳入研究的方法学质量进行评价,根据是否采取预防甲状腺功能低下(简称甲低)发生的措施对纳入研究进行亚组分析,结果采用RevMan4.2软件进行统计学分析.结果 最终纳入随机对照研究5项,非随机对照研究2项,病例对照研究1项,共1625例患者.Meta分析显示:如GD治疗后早期未采取措施预防甲低,131I与手术治疗、131I与ATD治疗GD在诱发或加重GO以及减轻GO症状方面莘异有统计学意义[检验值分别为2.31,5.97,3.70,5.55;P均＜0.05];如GD治疗后早期采取措施预防甲低,手术与ATD治疗GD在诱发或加重GO以及减轻GO症状方面差异无统计学意义(检验值分别为0.27,0.99;P均＞0.05),尚无研究涉及131I治疗GD后早期采取甲低预防措施时131I对GO的影响.结论 若未及时采取甲低预防措施,131I较ATD、手术治疗GD更容易诱发或加重GO,减轻GO的症状却不如后两者,对于治疗前已有活动性GO的患者,应慎用131I.     

切开复位内固定治疗Gartland Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨切开复位内固定治疗Gartland Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法1999年10月-2005年4月，对62例平均年龄7．5岁的患儿，应用切开复位克氏针固定治疗Gartland Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折。其中伸直尺偏型41例，伸直桡偏型18例，伸直中间型3例；无伴发血管、神经损伤和筋膜室间隔综合征。闭合性骨折47例，开放性骨折15例。结果术后56例获得随访，随访时间为6～15个月，平均11．5个月。所有骨折均获得愈合。根据Flynn标准进行疗效评价，其中优22例（占39．3％），良21例（37．5％），可9例（16．1％），差4例（7．1％）。伤后8h内手术的优良率为89．7％，伤后8h后手术的优良率为63．0％。直接手术治疗的优良率为90．1％，曾接受手法复位的优良率为67．7％。结论切开复位内固定治疗Gartland Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折可取得满意的疗效，是安全、有效的治疗方法。     

欧洲2003年心衰会议简介

综述了欧洲 2 0 0 3年心衰会议有关欧洲心衰指南、心衰治疗现状、失败的临床试验和失败的原因等论文报道