高氧暴露对新生鼠Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞转分化水平的调节作用

目的 研究体内及体外高氧暴露对Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞(typeⅡalveolar epithelial cells,AEC Ⅱ)转分化水平的影响,旨在阐明支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)肺上皮损伤的发生机制.方法 新生Wistar大鼠生后随机分为对照组(吸入空气)和模型组(吸入氧浓度为85％),于7d、14 d、21 d进行动物模型肺组织取材并分离AECⅡ.细胞标本检测Ⅰ型肺泡上皮细胞(type Ⅰalveolar epithelial cells,AEC Ⅰ)特异性标志物水通道蛋白5(aquaporin 5,AQP5)及AECⅡ标志物表面活性蛋白C(surfactant protein C,SP-C)表达.从正常新生鼠肺分离的AECⅡ在体外原代培养24h后随机分为常氧组(21％ O2)和高氧组(85％ O2),培养48 h后收集细胞,应用免疫荧光双标染色观察AQP5和SP-C表达及定位,Western blot方法检测AQP5和SP-C蛋白表达水平,荧光实时定量PCR方法检测AQP5和SP-CmRNA表达水平.结果 BPD模型组大鼠AECⅡ中AQP5蛋白表达从7d开始较对照组增多,SP-C蛋白表达从14 d开始较对照组减少.模型组中AQP5 mRNA从7d开始表达增多,SP-C mRNA从7d开始表达减少(P＜0.05),且随高氧暴露时间延长两组间差异更加显著.由正常新生鼠肺分离的AECⅡ进行体外原代培养后,免疫荧光双染可见高氧组较常氧组AQP5表达增多,SP-C表达减少,双染细胞明显增多.蛋白和mRNA定量检测结果均提示高氧组较常氧组AQP5表达增多,SP-C表达减少(P＜0.01).结论 无论体内还是体外高氧暴露下,AECⅡ特异性标志物SP-C表达下调,而AEC Ⅰ特异性标志物AQP-5表达上调,提示AECⅡ过度转分化参与高氧肺损伤后的修复过程.     

糖尿病小鼠胰腺干细胞转分化为胰岛样细胞

目的 观察链脲佐菌素所致糖尿病小鼠胰腺干细胞是否能转分化为胰岛样细胞.方法 以链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病小鼠模型,分离培养其胰腺导管上皮细胞,经体外扩增及诱导培养后,以细胞免疫化学方法检测PDX1表达,行STZ染色和葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素释放试验鉴定其功能.结果 糖尿病小鼠胰腺干细胞经体外培养和诱导分化后,PDX1阳性,并形成胰岛样细胞团;胰岛样细胞对高糖刺激(15.0 mmol/L)的胰岛素释放较低糖(5.6 mmol/L)时增加了1.4倍(37.2±11.2比25.9±7.6,t =2.830,P＜0.05),DTZ染色阳性.结论 链脲佐菌素所致糖尿病小鼠胰腺干细胞在体外培养条件下可转分化为胰岛素分泌细胞.     

核因子κB反义寡核苷酸对转化生长因子β1诱导人肾小管上皮细胞转分化的影响

目的 探讨在转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）诱导下，核因子κB（NF-κB）反义寡核苷酸对体外培养的人肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）转分化的影响。 方法 采用脂质体介导的方法将NF-κB反义寡核苷酸（AS-ODN）导入细胞，以TGF-β1（10 μg/L）刺激HK-2细胞24 h后，用RT-PCR方法检测细胞中NF-κB mRNA及α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）mRNA表达，用荧光光谱法分析α-SMA蛋白的表达，并以倒置相差显微镜观察细胞转分化过程的形态变化。 结果 TGF-β1诱导24 h后，HK-2细胞中NF-κB mRNA的表达显著上调，为空白对照组的8倍以上（P < 0.01）。NF-κB反义寡核苷酸导入细胞后，可显著抑制TGF-β1诱导的HK-2细胞的 NF-κB mRNA表达，比TGF-β1组减少75％（P < 0.05），同时，α-SMA mRNA和蛋白表达亦较TGF-β1组均明显下调（P < 0.05）。 结论 NF-κB反义寡核苷酸可抑制TGF-β1诱导肾小管上皮细胞NF-κB的表达，抑制肾小管上皮细胞转分化，可能有利于肾间质纤维化的防治。     

Differentiation and Diversification of Vascular Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Experimental models that allow the evaluation of the full potential of stem cells under normal physiological conditions and in the absence of genetic or injury-induced dysfunction would serve as valuable tools for the study of the mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation. Ideally, such a model would also permit the robust formation of donor-derived tissue-specific cells. Because studies have shown that the differentiation of stem cells into cells of a different germinal layer is highly inefficient in the absence of selective pressure, it is very unlikely that a healthy adult animal can fulfill these requirements. In this review, we describe the advantages of the permissive aspects of the developing preimmune fetus in the early gestational age that led us to develop the sheep as a large-animal model of human stem cell plasticity.     

坎地沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾小管上皮细胞表型转化的影响

目的:探讨坎地沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾小管上皮细胞α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和波形蛋白(Vi mentin)表达的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,60 mg/kg)诱导糖尿病模型后,随机分为糖尿病组和坎地沙坦组。正常对照组仅注射等剂量溶媒。16周后观察各组血糖(BS)、肾重/体重(KW/BW)、24h尿白蛋白排泄率(AER)、肌酐清除率(Ccr)。PAS染色观察肾脏病理形态学变化;免疫组化观察肾组织α-SMA和Vi mentin表达的变化。结果:与对照组相比,糖尿病组大鼠BS、KW/BW、AER、Ccr及间质纤维化损伤均显著上升(P<0.01),坎地沙坦组上述指标除血糖外均明显改善,与对照组相比,α-SMA和Vi mentin在肾小管上皮表达均明显上调(P<0.01),结果表明,坎地沙坦治疗阻止了二者在糖尿病大鼠肾脏的高表达。结论:坎地沙坦能显著下调糖尿病大鼠肾小管α-SMA和Vi mentin表达,阻抑肾小管上皮细胞转分化。     

Insulin-producing cells derived from human pancreatic non-endocrine cell cultures reverse streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in mice

Aims/hypothesis The aim of the study was to investigate the potential of human pancreatic non-endocrine cells to transdifferentiate into endocrine cells that would be capable of secreting insulin in response to glucose and ameliorating insulin-deficient diabetes after transplantation.Materials and methods Cell fractions enriched with exocrine cells after human islet isolation were treated with streptozotocin to remove residual beta cells, grown in monolayer culture to allow de-differentiation, transferred to cluster culture for redifferentiation in the presence of activin A, betacellulin, nicotinamide and glucose, supplemented with 10% FCS, and administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic SCID mice. A subset of cells was transfected with the IPF1 gene (also known as PDX1) before transdifferentiation.Results No insulin was detectable in cell preparations after 5 days of treatment with streptozotocin. In monolayer culture, 90% of the streptozotocin-treated pancreatic cells co-expressed cytokeratin-19 and vimentin at 2 weeks and 60% expressed nestin at 4 weeks. Cell cultures with a high proportion of nestin-expressing cells had greater plasticity for transdifferentiation into cells with phenotypic and functional markers of beta cells, this property being significantly enhanced by transfection with IPF1 gene and leading to 15±6.7% insulin-positive cells after transplantation vs. 0.01% of cells transplanted after streptozotocin treatment alone. These cells improved glucose control in all of 42 diabetic mice after transplantation, restoring normoglycaemia in 40%.Conclusions/interpretation Human pancreatic cells are a potential source of new glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells that may be developed further for clinical use.     

Petrous Apex Cholesteatoma

Primary or secondary petrous apex cholesteatoma requires surgical management. We describe here five patients with cholesteatoma in the petrous apex on whom different surgical approaches to this region were used. Translabyrinthine-transcochlear (transotic) approach with VII-XII anastomosis was used in four patients. In one patient middle fossa approach with otic capsule and facial canal leaving intact was used. All patients are without recurrence of cholesteatoma with improving of the facial nerve function in one case. We discuss specific pathologies of the petrous apex, the surgical approach to this region indicated according to the size and type of pathology diagnosed, hearing loss and facial nerve function. Possible complications of this surgical procedure and their management are also discussed.     

MMP-9与TIMP-1在肾小管上皮细胞转分化中的作用

目的研究结扎大鼠单侧输尿管(UUO)制备的实验性肾纤维化模型梗阻肾基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂1(TIMP-1)表达的动态变化,探讨MMP-9和TIMP-1在肾小管上皮细胞转分化中的作用。方法将64只雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组和UUO组(n=32),UUO组结扎单侧输尿管,术后3d、7d、14d、21d每组各处死8只大鼠,用免疫组化法检测大鼠梗阻肾组织MMP-9、TIMP-1、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SAM)及纤维连接蛋白(FN)的表达。结果UUO术后3d,PAS染色见少量肾小管基底膜(TBM)局灶性断裂。术后7d,TBM断裂程度加重,基底膜断裂的肾小管数增多。术后14d直至术后21d,可见部分TBM增厚、扭曲,基底膜断裂程度和基底膜断裂的肾小管数较7d时略减轻和减少。与假手术组相较,UUO组随着梗阻时间的延长,肾间质中α-SMA、FN、TIMP-1蛋白表达逐渐增多。UUO组术后3d可见MMP-9在肾小管间质有强阳性表达,术后7d达高峰,14～21d呈下降趋势。α-SMA、MMP-9、TIMP-1主要表达于肾小管上皮和肾间质。MMP-9阳性染色面积与α-SMA阳性染色面积、TBM的断裂程度、基底膜断裂的肾小管个数均呈正相关(r分别为0.894,0.854,0.821,P均<0.05)。结论肾小管间质MMP-9和TIMP-1蛋白表达的动态变化影响TBM完整性与ECM堆积。MMP-9与TIMP-1相互拮抗调节肾小管基底膜代谢,参与肾小管上皮细胞转分化,影响肾纤维化进展。