双歧三联活菌联合蒙脱石散治疗小儿急性腹泻疗效观察

目的：探讨双歧三联活菌联合蒙脱石散治疗急性腹泻对患儿排便次数及症状改善的影响。方法选择2012年8月至2013年8月在我院接受治疗的急性腹泻患儿132例作为研究对象。根据随机数表法将患儿分成观察组和对照组各66例。对照组患儿给予蒙脱石散治疗,观察组在此基础上采用双歧三联活菌进行治疗。比较两组患儿治疗前后的腹泻排便次数、疗效以及症状改善情况。结果观察组患儿治疗后5d的腹泻排便次数明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患儿的显效率和总有效率分别为65.15%,98.48%,均明显高于对照组的45.45%,86.36%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患儿的腹痛消失时间、呕吐消失时间、退热时间及大便常规的正常时间均少于对照组,差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论双歧三联活菌与蒙脱石散联合治疗小儿急性腹泻可明显减少患儿排便次数,改善其临床症状,疗效明显,值得临床上推广应用。     

Fundamental Improvement of Creep Resistance of New-Generation Nano-Oxide Strengthened Alloys via Hot Rotary Swaging Consolidation

New-generation oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys with a high volume fraction of nano-oxides of 5% are intended to become the leading creep- and oxidation-resistant alloys for applications at 1100–1300 °C. Hot consolidation of mechanically alloyed powders by intensive plastic deformation followed by heat treatment of the alloys are the key aspects for achieving top creep properties, typically ensured by a coarse-grained microstructure strengthened with homogeneously dispersed, very stable yttrium nano-oxides. The rotary swaging method proves to be favourable for hot consolidation of the new-generation ODS alloy presented. Compared to specimens consolidated by hot rolling, consolidation by hot rotary swaging predetermines the formation of coarse grains with a very high aspect ratio during subsequent secondary recrystallization. Such a grain morphology increases the creep strength of the new-generation ODS alloy considerably.     

Resistance to Ultraviolet Aging of Nano-SiO2 and Rubber Powder Compound Modified Asphalt

Ultraviolet (UV) aging degrades the life span of asphalt pavement, nanomaterials used as modifiers exhibit good shielding function on UV light, but generally degrade the low-temperature property of asphalt, a compound modification was found to be a solution. In this study, nano-SiO₂ and rubber powder were blended together with base asphalt to prepare compound modified asphalt. Compound modified asphalt with different blending dosages were subjected to UV light via a self-made UV aging simulation chamber. Basic performance tests and rheological tests were conducted including the UV aging influence. An optimum compound ratio was finally recommended based on the goal to remove the adverse effect of nano-SiO₂ on the thermal cracking. Results show that the anti-UV aging property of asphalt is improved obviously due to the blocking function of nano-SiO₂ and carbon black in rubber powder, and the enhancing effect of nano-SiO₂ is found to be the most significant.     

Hot Deformation Behavior and Workability of In-Situ TiB2/7050Al Composites Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy

Isothermal compression tests of in-situ TiB₂/7050Al composites fabricated by powder metallurgy were performed at 300–460 °C with the strain rate varying from 0.001 s⁻¹ to 1 s⁻¹. The Arrhenius constitutive equation and hot processing map of composites were established, presenting excellent hot workability with low activation energies and broad processing windows. Dramatic discontinuous/continuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX/CDRX) and grain boundary sliding (GBS) take place in composites during deformation, depending on the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) values. It is found that initially uniform TiB₂ particles and fine grain structures are beneficial to the DDRX, which is the major softening mechanism in composites at high Z values. With the Z value decreasing, dynamic recovery and CDRX around particles are enhanced, preventing the occurrence of DDRX. In addition, fine grain structures in composites are stable at elevated temperature thanks to the pinning of dense nanoparticles, which triggers the occurrence of GBS and ensures good workability at low Z values.     

Fabrication of Metallic Biomedical Scaffolds with the Space Holder Method: A Review

Bone tissue engineering has been increasingly studied as an alternative approach to bone defect reconstruction. In this approach, new bone cells are stimulated to grow and heal the defect with the aid of a scaffold that serves as a medium for bone cell formation and growth. Scaffolds made of metallic materials have preferably been chosen for bone tissue engineering applications where load-bearing capacities are required, considering the superior mechanical properties possessed by this type of materials to those of polymeric and ceramic materials. The space holder method has been recognized as one of the viable methods for the fabrication of metallic biomedical scaffolds. In this method, temporary powder particles, namely space holder, are devised as a pore former for scaffolds. In general, the whole scaffold fabrication process with the space holder method can be divided into four main steps: (i) mixing of metal matrix powder and space-holding particles; (ii) compaction of granular materials; (iii) removal of space-holding particles; (iv) sintering of porous scaffold preform. In this review, detailed procedures in each of these steps are presented. Technical challenges encountered during scaffold fabrication with this specific method are addressed. In conclusion, strategies are yet to be developed to address problematic issues raised, such as powder segregation, pore inhomogeneity, distortion of pore sizes and shape, uncontrolled shrinkage and contamination.     

延胡索、乌药、金铃子散、小活络丹对神经病理性疼痛镇痛作用的比较

目的：比较延胡索、乌药、金铃子散、小活络丹对坐骨神经缩窄性损伤（chronic constriction injury,CCI）模型大鼠神经病理性疼痛（neuropathic pain,NP）的镇痛效果。方法：将SD 雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组（n=13）、生理盐水组（n=13）、延胡索组（n=16）、乌药组（n=10）、金铃子散组（n=20）、小活络丹组（n=7）,共6 组。采用坐骨神经结扎法造模,于造模后第4 天各组给予相应的药物（延胡索组、乌药组、金铃子散组、小活络丹组大鼠均按剂量12 g·kg-1 给药,假手术组、生理盐水组给予等量生理盐水）灌胃,连续14 天。从开始给药起,每隔1 天测定其热痛阈值。结果：与生理盐水组比较,延胡索、乌药、金铃子散、小活络丹各组大鼠给药后热痛阈值均升高,金铃子散的效果稍微优于延胡索,乌药、小活络丹效果较差。结论：延胡索、乌药、金铃子散、小活络丹对神经病理性疼痛均具有一定的镇痛作用,其中金铃子散的镇痛作用较强且起效快,其次为延胡索,乌药和小活络丹对该种神经病理性疼痛的镇痛效果较不稳定。     

天麻指纹图谱的研究进展

天麻是我国名贵的中草药,随着近年来其商品的多样化,掺伪、假冒品不断增多,对其进行更全面、系统的质量控制尤为重要。目前,指纹图谱已成为国际公认的控制中药质量的有效手段之一,主要的研究方法有液相色谱法、薄层色谱法、毛细管电泳色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、X射线粉末衍射、分子生物学指纹图谱和电化学指纹图谱等,本文对近年来天麻指纹图谱的研究情况进行了归纳总结,为进一步建立该药的质量控制提供了方法和依据。     

两种吸入剂对支气管哮喘患者肾上腺皮质功能、糖脂代谢的影响

目的探讨长期应用布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂(160μg/4.5μg)对支气管哮喘患者的控制作用及对肾上腺皮质功能、糖脂代谢的影响。方法将78例支气管哮喘患者随机分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂(160μg/4.5μg),每日两次,对照组按需应用沙丁胺醇吸入剂,口服茶碱缓释片。观察周期为一年。两组患者在治疗前1天(T0)、一个月(T1)、三个月(T3)、六个月(T6)、12个月(T12),分别给予哮喘控制测试(asthma control test,ACT)评分,呼气峰流速(peak expiratory flow,PEF)日变异率检查,分别抽血测皮质醇、促肾上腺素皮质激素(ACTH),空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、甘油三酯、总胆固醇。结果治疗组患者ACT评分高于对照组(P0.05),治疗组患者PEF日变异率小于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组与对照组皮质醇、ACTH、FPG、HbA1c、总胆固醇、甘油三酯之间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂对支气管哮喘患者的控制有良好作用,长期应用对患者的肾上腺皮质功能、糖脂代谢无不良影响。     

Assessment of inhaler techniques employed by patients with respiratory diseases in southern Brazil: a population-based study

OBJECTIVE:

To identify incorrect inhaler techniques employed by patients with respiratory diseases in southern Brazil and to profile the individuals who make such errors.

METHODS:

This was a population-based, cross-sectional study involving subjects ≥ 10 years of age using metered dose inhalers (MDIs) or dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in 1,722 households in the city of Pelotas, Brazil.

RESULTS:

We included 110 subjects, who collectively used 94 MDIs and 49 DPIs. The most common errors in the use of MDIs and DPIs were not exhaling prior to inhalation (66% and 47%, respectively), not performing a breath-hold after inhalation (29% and 25%), and not shaking the MDI prior to use (21%). Individuals ≥ 60 years of age more often made such errors. Among the demonstrations of the use of MDIs and DPIs, at least one error was made in 72% and 51%, respectively. Overall, there were errors made in all steps in 11% of the demonstrations, whereas there were no errors made in 13%.Among the individuals who made at least one error, the proportion of those with a low level of education was significantly greater than was that of those with a higher level of education, for MDIs (85% vs. 60%; p = 0.018) and for DPIs (81% vs. 35%; p = 0.010).

CONCLUSIONS:

In this sample, the most common errors in the use of inhalers were not exhaling prior to inhalation, not performing a breath-hold after inhalation, and not shaking the MDI prior to use. Special attention should be given to education regarding inhaler techniques for patients of lower socioeconomic status and with less formal education, as well as for those of advanced age, because those populations are at a greater risk of committing errors in their use of inhalers.     

止痒袋泡洗剂联合止痒散外用治疗肛周湿疹的临床疗效

为探讨痒袋泡洗剂联合止痒散外用治疗肛周湿疹的临床疗效．将200例肛门湿疹患行随机分为对照组和治疗组,各100例。对照组单纯使用丁酸氧化可的松乳膏局部外涂治疗,治疗组在以止痒袋泡洗剂局部外洗治疗后,外涂止痒散,两组均以2同为一疗程。结果显示,治疗组痊愈72例（72．0%）,有效24例,无效4例．总在效率96．0％;对照组痊愈44例（44．0％）．有效47例,无效9例,总有效率91．0%。两组总在效率差异无统计学意义．P〉0．05;但治疗组治愈率明显高于对照组．P〈0．05。停约8周后,治疗组痊愈者复发32例（44．4%,32／72）．对照组复发33例（75．0%．33/14）．对照组复发率明显高于治疗组．P〈0．05。治疗组未出现不良反应,对照组有1例出现肛周局部烧灼感,未予处理,停药后症状消失。结果表明,止痒袋泡洗剂联合止痒散外用治疗肛周湿疹治愈率高,无不良反应。复发率低,值得临床推广应用。