Trends in Mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease in the Region of the Americas, 2000–2019

Background:In latest decades, mortality rates from ischemic heart disease (IHD) had declined steadily in most of the world as a consequence of improvements in prevention and therapy.Objective:The aim of this study was to analyze trends in mortality caused by IHD in the region of the Americas from 2000 to 2019.Methods:Estimates of the age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) due to IHD were extracted from the Data Portal on Noncommunicable Diseases, Mental Health, and External Causes (ENLACE), Pan American Health Organization. We used Joinpoint regression to analyze significant changes in mortality trends by country, gender, geographical sub-region, and country income, according to the World Bank classification. We also calculated the average annual percent change (AAPC) mortality rate for the overall period in the Americas as a whole and by country and sub-region.Results:In the region of the Americas, the AAMR from IHD decreased from 117.80 (95% uncertainty interval (UI)) 106.64–135.90) in 2000 to 73.64 (62.65–92.66) per 100,000 in 2019. In males, from 149.08 (95% UI 138.23–168.08) to 96.02 (95% UI 83.48–117.19) and in females 92.36 (95% UI 81.35–109.42) to 54.84 (95% UI 45.28–71.76). The AAPC mortality rate in the region decreased –2.5% (95% CI: –2.7, –2.3), with joinpoints in 2007 and 2012, –2.3% (95% CI: –2.5, –2.1) in men and –2.7% (95% CI: –3.0, –2.5) in women. According to the sub-region analysis, the highest decrease was recorded in North America, AAPC –3.1% (95% CI: –3.3, –3.0) with one joinpoint in 2011, whereas there was a stagnation of the mortality rate in Central America, Mexico, and Latin Caribbean with an AAPC of 0.1 (–0.2, 0.3) with one joinpoint in 2007.Conclusions:Age-adjusted mortality rate from IHD between 2000 and 2019 has decreased in the region of the Americas. However, different trends were observed, North America had the highest reduction in AAPC, while Central America, Mexico, and Latin Caribbean Region had a stagnation. This trend was highly influenced by country income.     

13例类风湿关节炎患者合并肺疾病的临床特点

目的:探讨类风湿关节炎(RA)患者合并肺疾病的临床特点。方法:回顾性分析13例RA患者合并肺疾病的临床特点及影像学资料。结果:RA合并肺疾病患者发病年龄偏大,起病急,病情重,病程短,呼吸道症状较轻;疾病活动性,在RA合并肺疾病患者中血小板计数高,血沉(ESR)快,C反应蛋白(CRP)高,并且类风湿因子(RF)呈高滴度阳性;影像学检查,在发现肺部病变时,肺高分辨率CT(HRCT)明显优于普通X线胸片。结论:RA患者合并肺疾病的临床表现多种多样,它的发生与原发病的活动及某些免疫学指标有关,早期行肺HRCT对早期诊断及时治疗非常重要。     

New alternatives for erythropoietin therapy in chronic renal failure

Erythropoietin (EPO) is one of the main cytokines involved in the regulation of erythropoiesis. The main site of EPO production are the kidneys. An altered EPO production leads to pathological conditions such as anemia and polycythaemia. Due to the progressive loss of renal peritubular cells, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have low EPO plasma levels. This decreases erythron stimulation with the direct consequence of developing anemia. Before the introduction in the clinical practice of rHuEpo, in the late 1980s, the only solution for treating this type of anemia were blood transfusions and anabolic steroids. Even rHuEpo has proven to be safe and effective for treatment of anemias, there are some concerns about its cost, the need for frequent parenteral administration, and development of anti-EPO antibodies. These inconveniences prompted the search for novel erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Different strategies lead to isolation or chemical synthesis of such agents as darbepoetin alfa and EPO mimetics. In this review, we present some general aspects of EPO biology, with emphasis on chronic renal failure, and expose some of the alternatives to EPO used for anemia correction.     

31例不典型川崎病的临床诊治分析

目的分析31例不典型川崎病患者的临床特征。方法对我院2008年2月至2011年11月收治的31例不典型川崎病患者与同期36例典型川崎病患者的临床资料进行比较分析,对比两组患者的临床特点。结果不典型组患者年龄较低,其临床表现少,临床确诊前的发热时间较长,且冠脉损伤情况发生较多,与典型川崎病患者比较有显著差异,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论不典型川崎病在临床并不少见,其需要医师提高临床确诊率,使用丙种球蛋白综合治疗方案积极预防冠脉损伤的发生。     

P-selectin

P-selectin belongs to the family of selectin adhesion molecules, and is expressed by platelets and endothelial cells on stimulation. This pattern of expression may indicate an involvement of this molecule in inflammation and coagulation. Data from mice lacking P-selectin expression confirmed this assumption. In addition, a key role of P-selectin in the formation of tumour metastases has been established. Apparently unrelated, clinical experience has pointed towards a detrimental interaction of inflammation and cancer with thromboembolic diseases and vice versa. Therefore, targeting molecules such as P-selectin contributing to coagulation, inflammation and metastasis may offer novel therapeutic strategies to treat chronic inflammatory diseases and metastatic cancer. The authors aim to critically evaluate the contribution of P-selectin in these diseases, and discuss the value of therapeutic inhibition of P-selectin functions in coagulation, inflammation and metastasis.     

影响COPD急性加重期患者无创通气治疗有效性的因素

目的分析影响无创通气(NIV)治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者有效性的因素。方法依据APACHEⅡ评分,将107例AECOPD患者分为轻症组(<15分,21例)、中度组(15-25分,71例)和重症组(>25分,15例)。每组再分为有效亚组和无效亚组。检测降钙素原(PCT)、血pH、血乳酸(LAC)、血磷、血糖等相关指标,并分析影响NIV治疗有效性的因素。结果三组内亚组比较,有效亚组中PCT水平均低于无效亚组(P<0.05)。中度组中,有效亚组血pH和血磷水平均升高(P<0.05)。重症组中,有效亚组血糖和LAC均降低,而血pH升高(P<0.05)。PCT是影响轻症组NIV治疗有效性的因素(P<0.05)。PCT、血pH、血磷是影响中度组NIV治疗有效性的因素(P<0.05)。PCT、血糖、血pH、LAC是影响重度组NIV治疗有效性的因素(P<0.05)。结论 PCT、血pH、血磷、LAC、血糖是影响NIV治疗不同严重程度AECOPD患者有效性的因素。     

尼莫地平对神经元退行性变模型小鼠脑组织中铁离子的影响研究

目的:探讨尼莫地平对神经元退行性变模型小鼠脑组织中铁离子的影响。方法:取小鼠随机分为假手术组(生理盐水)、模型组(生理盐水)和尼莫地平高、中、低(80、40、20mg.kg-1)剂量组,每组35只,后4组脑室内注射0.25氯化铝2μL,每天1次,连续5d,建立神经元退行性变小鼠模型,假手术组注射等体积人工脑脊液;5d后各组灌胃给予相应药物,每天2次,连续30d,末次灌胃24h后观察其脑组织的病理学变化,考察海马组织中丙二醛(MDA)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)蛋白、铝离子和铁离子水平变化。结果:与模型组比较,尼莫地平高剂量组神经元损伤明显减轻,其中MDA、HO-1蛋白和铁离子水平明显降低(P<0.05);其余指标及尼莫地平中、低剂量组各项指标均无明显变化。结论:尼莫地平可能通过抑制HO-1蛋白表达维持铁离子代谢平衡,发挥缓解神经元退行性变的作用。     

溃结康对三硝基苯磺酸诱导大鼠炎症性肠病的作用研究

目的 观察溃结康经灌肠给药对三硝基苯磺酸(trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid,TNBS)诱导的炎症性肠病动物模型的作用,以明确溃结康对炎症性肠病的治疗作用,为探索药物应用于克罗恩病治疗的可行性。方法 采用TNBS灌肠的方法诱导大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,观察溃结康灌肠给药对大鼠疾病活动指数(DAI)评分、血清干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白介素-l(IL-1)、白介素-4(IL-4)、白介素-10(IL-10)和肠黏膜中谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,Gln)的含量的影响,并观察药物对大鼠结肠组织损伤评分以及病理学的影响。结果 TNBS诱导的结肠炎模型可引起动物体质量下降,肉眼血便或便潜血阳性,DAI评分增高,血清IFN-γ,IL-1升高,肠黏膜Gln降低,溃结康不同剂量组灌肠给药可改善TNBS引起的DAI评分增高以及降低血清IFN-γ、IL-1水平,升高肠黏膜Gln,缓解结肠炎组织学变化,其中尤以溃结康高剂量组作用更为明显。结论 溃结康灌肠给药对缓解TNBS诱导结肠炎模型有一定治疗作用。     

COMT的遗传药理学研究进展

儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶(catechol-O-methyltransferase,COMT)是一种在人体内广泛分布的代谢酶,COMT基因突变所引起COMT表达或活性改变,与多种疾病的药物治疗反应个体差异密切相关。目前对COMT的研究主要集中在rs4680位,但是近来的一些报道显示,COMT其他突变位点的重要性同样值得关注。该文将较为全面的对COMT的遗传多态性与帕金森病、重度抑郁症、精神分裂症的药物治疗反应个体差异相关性方面的研究进行综述。     

不同病因慢性肝病患者肝组织中IL-10的表达及意义

目的：探讨不同病因的慢性肝病（ CLD）患者肝组织中白细胞介素?10（ IL?10）的表达及其与肝组织炎症和纤维化的关系。方法收集93例CLD患者及23例正常对照肝组织石蜡标本,免疫组织化学方法检测肝组织中IL?10的表达。结果不同病因的CLD患者肝组织中肝小叶及汇管区IL?10的表达均较正常对照明显增高（ P＜0．01）。随着肝脏炎症分级（ G）的增高,CLD患者肝组织内肝小叶及汇管区IL?10的表达逐渐增强,差异有统计学意义。随着肝脏纤维化程度分期（ S）的增高,CLD患者肝组织内肝小叶及汇管区IL?10的表达亦逐渐增高,差异有统计学意义。结论 IL?10可能参与CLD患者肝脏的炎症和纤维化的发生。