Legitimacy and modernity via policy transfer: The utility of the 2003 Afghan National Drug Control Strategy

Very much an exercise in historical reconstruction, this article is concerned with the development of the first version of the Afghan NDCS. It is hoped that this domain of enquiry will contribute to discussions around the ‘governance of drug policy’ in this special issue of the International Journal of Drug Policy by focusing on how different policy actors operate in influencing the policy process; or parts thereof. More specifically, exploration of the formulation of the Strategy does much to help us understand not only the origins and shifting nature of ownership of drug policy within Afghanistan but also the relationship between the NDCS and the broader normative expectations of what has been referred to as the global drug prohibition regime (Andreas & Nadelmann, 2006, p. 38). As will be discussed, while indisputably the product of a process of policy transfer involving a number of non-Afghan actors – and as such arguably not always appropriate to the peculiarities of the drug market within the country – it can be argued that the 2003 National Drug Control Strategy fulfilled a useful functional role that in many ways exceeded its utility as a guiding document beyond the confines of Kabul.     

医学院校卫生法学教学的现实困境及优化策略探讨

卫生法学作为医学人文学科的重要课程,在医学院校的课程体系中越来越受到重视。但由于我国卫生法学教育起步较晚,无论是课程的设置、教材的建设还是师资的培养都存在诸多问题。该研究从卫生法学教学的现状和问题入手,提出优化和改革策略,以期为高校的卫生法学教学提供依据。     

Early prenatal stress impact on coping strategies and learning performance is sex dependent

Diseases involving cognitive disorders and maladaptive stress-coping behaviors including autism and schizophrenia are present in children born to mothers exposed to stress during pregnancy. To determine the gestational time window when stress exposure produces the greatest impact on cognition, dams were exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS) early, mid-, or late in gestation and offspring learning performance and navigation strategies assessed. These studies utilized a modified version of the Barnes maze to allow investigation of coping responses to stress stimuli. In our study, males exposed to early gestational stress showed significantly impaired learning performance, requiring twice as long to locate the target following training. In stark contrast, early prenatal stress enhanced female performance, where these females located the target in a quarter of the time required by controls. Differences in search strategies whether cued, random, or serial accounted for divergent performances between sex and CVS groups. While control males' behavior expectedly evolved to a cued strategy, the early stressed offspring continued to rely on serial and random searching. Surprisingly, in a long-term memory recall test 6 weeks following previous maze exposure, these early stressed offspring now located the target significantly faster than controls suggesting gestational effects of stress on memory retention that were specific to prenatal time window of stress exposure. Overall, these results provide important insight into the temporal specificity of the effects of prenatal CVS revealing a remarkable vulnerability during early development and a sexually dichotomous influence on cognitive abilities and stress-coping strategies.     

Dépistage néonatal ciblé de la drépanocytose : limites du test de falciformation (test d’Emmel) dans le bilan prénatal en zone ouest africaine

Background

Newborn screening for sickle cell anemia is necessary in Africa where the disease is more frequent. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used for screening, but is limited by a high cost and difficult access. Sickling test (Emmel test), which is more affordable and technically more accessible, is often requested for prenatal assessment of pregnant women in West African areas to reserve screening for newborns from mothers in whom the positive sickling test attests the presence of hemoglobin S. This study aims to evaluate the number of undetected sickle cell anemia newborns by a screening policy targeting only newborns from mothers in whom a sickling test would have been positive.

医院处方集应用中存在的问题及对策探讨

医院处方集是医院药学信息服务工作的一项重要内容,是提高医院药事管理水平、促进合理用药的重要工具和手段。处方集的编制和管理也成为医院药事管理中非常重要的一项工作内容,但依靠传统模式编制、管理的处方集,在应用中存在的不足或弊端已不能满足医院合理用药及药事管理发展的需要。本文分析了医院处方集目前的应用现状及存在问题,对医院处方集建设的发展思路进行探讨。     

我院门诊西药房742例退药情况分析及对策

目的对我院门诊西药房退药情况进行统计分析,并提出相应对策,以减少退药,促进临床合理用药。方法收集我院2013年6月-2013年12月门诊西药房退药处方,按退药科室、退药原因及退药品种进行统计分析。结果在f1诊西药房调配的1107360张处方中有742张退药处方,退药率为0．67‰。退药科室位居前3位分别是呼吸科、急诊科、消化内科,分别占全部退药的14．82％、9．84％、9．84％;引起退药的主要原因是患者用药后发生不良反应,占全部退药的47．17％;其次是患者拒绝用药以及医师错开医嘱,分别占全部退药的26．95％和10．38％;退药类别以抗菌药物居多,占全部退药的44．20％,其次为中药类和诊断用药,分别占全部退药的13．21％和10．65％。结论建议规范退药程序,并加强医师、药师及患者之间的沟通,以减少退药,保障患者的用药安全。     

医院船卫生装备技术保障现状与对策

目的：为适应新形势下医院船发展,对医院船船载卫生装备技术保障现状与对策进行分析,以提升医院船卫生装备技术保障能力。方法：分析医院船列装后维修人员与保障方式中存在的问题,通过对发展趋势的总结得出医院船卫生装备技术保障的解决对策。结果：通过对医院船卫生装备现状分析表明,目前医院船保障形式的信息化水平不足,保障维修人员流动性大,缺少专业维修人员。结论：医院船需加强技术保障人员建设,提高人才队伍的技术保障能力水平,以提升医院船技术保障的信息化、数字化发展。     

地方院校新生英语学习焦虑状况实证研究

目的探讨地方院校新生大学公共英语学习焦虑状况。方法采用外语课堂焦虑量表对150名大学新生进行调查。结果①新生英语学习中存在中等焦虑心理(3.140±0.576);②不同专业新生的焦虑总分(F=3.430,P0.05)和负评价焦虑(F=7.604,P0.01)具有显著差别;③英语A级学生在焦虑总分和4个维度的焦虑上得分均明显低于英语B级学生。(焦虑总分t=-5.470,P0.01;交流焦虑t=-4.892,P0.01;负评价焦虑t=-2.576,P0.05;环境焦虑t=-6.172,P0.01;考试焦虑t=-3.888,P0.01);④不同性别新生在环境焦虑存在显著差异(t=2.143,P0.05),男生得分高于女生。结论地方院校新生普遍存在英语学习焦虑心理,应有针对性为新生展开应对英语学习焦虑的策略指导。