Early prenatal stress impact on coping strategies and learning performance is sex dependent

Diseases involving cognitive disorders and maladaptive stress-coping behaviors including autism and schizophrenia are present in children born to mothers exposed to stress during pregnancy. To determine the gestational time window when stress exposure produces the greatest impact on cognition, dams were exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS) early, mid-, or late in gestation and offspring learning performance and navigation strategies assessed. These studies utilized a modified version of the Barnes maze to allow investigation of coping responses to stress stimuli. In our study, males exposed to early gestational stress showed significantly impaired learning performance, requiring twice as long to locate the target following training. In stark contrast, early prenatal stress enhanced female performance, where these females located the target in a quarter of the time required by controls. Differences in search strategies whether cued, random, or serial accounted for divergent performances between sex and CVS groups. While control males' behavior expectedly evolved to a cued strategy, the early stressed offspring continued to rely on serial and random searching. Surprisingly, in a long-term memory recall test 6 weeks following previous maze exposure, these early stressed offspring now located the target significantly faster than controls suggesting gestational effects of stress on memory retention that were specific to prenatal time window of stress exposure. Overall, these results provide important insight into the temporal specificity of the effects of prenatal CVS revealing a remarkable vulnerability during early development and a sexually dichotomous influence on cognitive abilities and stress-coping strategies.     

Dépistage néonatal ciblé de la drépanocytose : limites du test de falciformation (test d’Emmel) dans le bilan prénatal en zone ouest africaine

Background

Newborn screening for sickle cell anemia is necessary in Africa where the disease is more frequent. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used for screening, but is limited by a high cost and difficult access. Sickling test (Emmel test), which is more affordable and technically more accessible, is often requested for prenatal assessment of pregnant women in West African areas to reserve screening for newborns from mothers in whom the positive sickling test attests the presence of hemoglobin S. This study aims to evaluate the number of undetected sickle cell anemia newborns by a screening policy targeting only newborns from mothers in whom a sickling test would have been positive.

医院处方集应用中存在的问题及对策探讨

医院处方集是医院药学信息服务工作的一项重要内容,是提高医院药事管理水平、促进合理用药的重要工具和手段。处方集的编制和管理也成为医院药事管理中非常重要的一项工作内容,但依靠传统模式编制、管理的处方集,在应用中存在的不足或弊端已不能满足医院合理用药及药事管理发展的需要。本文分析了医院处方集目前的应用现状及存在问题,对医院处方集建设的发展思路进行探讨。     

我院门诊西药房742例退药情况分析及对策

目的对我院门诊西药房退药情况进行统计分析,并提出相应对策,以减少退药,促进临床合理用药。方法收集我院2013年6月-2013年12月门诊西药房退药处方,按退药科室、退药原因及退药品种进行统计分析。结果在f1诊西药房调配的1107360张处方中有742张退药处方,退药率为0．67‰。退药科室位居前3位分别是呼吸科、急诊科、消化内科,分别占全部退药的14．82％、9．84％、9．84％;引起退药的主要原因是患者用药后发生不良反应,占全部退药的47．17％;其次是患者拒绝用药以及医师错开医嘱,分别占全部退药的26．95％和10．38％;退药类别以抗菌药物居多,占全部退药的44．20％,其次为中药类和诊断用药,分别占全部退药的13．21％和10．65％。结论建议规范退药程序,并加强医师、药师及患者之间的沟通,以减少退药,保障患者的用药安全。     

The challenges and strategies in schistosomiasis control program in China

In spite of the great achievements gained in the national schistosomiasis control program during the last 5 decades, serious challenges for the control program exist due to the impact of biological factors, environmental facts and limitation of scientific technology, as well as shortages of socio-economic development in the endemic areas. This paper reviewed the experiences of the national control program, then the author considered it essential to put forward a newly sustainable strategy with an emphasis on the areas with high endemicity of schistosomiasis, on poverty-stricken areas, especially in the Western part of the People's Republic of China, when taking into account both the opportunities and challenges of the future. It is expected that the schistosomiasis control program with a sustainable strategy would promote local economic development in the People's Republic of China.     

乙型肝炎病毒母婴阻断免疫预防策略综述

乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（Hepatitis B Virus,HBV）母婴传播是全球不容忽视的重要公共卫生问题,是现阶段婴幼儿感染HBV的主要方式。目前,接种乙肝疫苗和乙肝免疫球蛋白是阻断HBV母婴传播的主要措施。现就全球HBV母婴阻断免疫预防策略进行综述,为我国预防控制乙肝提供依据。     

医院船卫生装备技术保障现状与对策

目的：为适应新形势下医院船发展,对医院船船载卫生装备技术保障现状与对策进行分析,以提升医院船卫生装备技术保障能力。方法：分析医院船列装后维修人员与保障方式中存在的问题,通过对发展趋势的总结得出医院船卫生装备技术保障的解决对策。结果：通过对医院船卫生装备现状分析表明,目前医院船保障形式的信息化水平不足,保障维修人员流动性大,缺少专业维修人员。结论：医院船需加强技术保障人员建设,提高人才队伍的技术保障能力水平,以提升医院船技术保障的信息化、数字化发展。     

Screening for depressive symptoms in older adults in the Family Health Strategy,Porto Alegre,Brazil

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the prevalence of depression in older adults and associated factors.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study using a stratified random sample of 621 individuals aged ≥ 60 from 27 family health teams in Porto Alegre, RS, Southern Brazil, between 2010 and 2012. Community health agents measured depression using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Scores of ≥ 6 were considered as depression and between 11 and 15 as severe depression. Poisson regression was used to search for independent associations of sociodemographic and self-perceived health with both depression and its severity.

RESULTS

The prevalence of depression was 30.6% and was significantly higher in women (35.9% women versus 20.9% men, p < 0.001). The variables independently associated with depression were: female gender (PR = 1.4, 95%CI 1.1;1.8); low education, especially illiteracy (PR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.2;2 6); regular self-rated health (OR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.6;3.0); and poor/very poor self-rated health (PR = 4.0, 95%CI 2.9;5.5). Except for education, the strength of association of these factors increases significantly in severe depression.

CONCLUSIONS

A high prevalence of depression was observed in the evaluations conducted by community health agents, professionals who are not highly specialized. The findings identified using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale in this way are similar to those in the literature, with depression more associated with low education, female gender and worse self-rated health. From a primary health care strategic point of view, the findings become still more relevant, indicating that community health agents could play an important role in identifying depression in older adults.