南水北调东线工程金宝航道区域血吸虫病疫情监测

目的 了解南水北调东线工程金宝航道血吸虫病疫情动态,为东线工程血吸虫病监测预警提供科学依据.方法 每年对金宝航道及其一级支流、周边滩地进行钉螺调查,选择金宝航道退水闸段为监测点,采用网捞法和稻草帘诱螺法进行钉螺扩散监测.对沿线居民、渔船民进行血吸虫病监测,同时对渔船携螺情况进行调查.结果 2006-2010年共查螺36...     

Comment on： Cloning and characterization of porcine aquaporin 1 water channel expressed extensively in the gastrointestinal system

TO THE EDITOR Sir, I read with great interest the recently published article in the World Journal of Gastroenterology by Jin and co-workers[1] on the cloning and characterization of porcine aquaporin 1 water channel from the pig liver and studies on its expression in the porcine gastrointestinal system. The authors should be congratulated for making this important and valuable contribution to the field of aquaporin biology and porcine gastrointestinal physiology.However, there are a number of unresolved issues and controversies concerning the expression of aquaporins (especially aquaporin 1) in the gastrointestinal system that are worthy of additional comment and discussion by Jin and co-workers.     

Lysosomal exocytosis is impaired in mucolipidosis type IV

Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by severe neurological impairment, ophthalmologic defects, and gastric dysfunction. MLIV cells have a deficiency in the late endosomal/lysosomal (LEL) pathway that results in the buildup of lysosomal inclusions. Using a Xenopus oocyte expression system, we previously showed that mucolipin-1 (MLN1), the protein encoded by the MCOLN1 gene is a Ca2+ -permeable non-selective cation channel that is transiently modulated by elevations in intracellular Ca2+. We further showed that MLN1 is translocated to the plasma membrane during lysosomal exocytosis. In this study we show that lysosomal exocytosis is impaired in fibroblasts from MLIV patients, indicating that MLN1 plays an active role in this process. Further, we show that transfection with wild type MLN1 cDNA rescues exocytosis, suggesting the possibility of treatments based on the restoration of this crucial cellular function.     

Antisecretory Effect of Loperamide in Colon Epithelial Cells by Inhibition of Basolateral K+ Conductance

Background: The mechanism of the antisecretory effect of loperamide was investigated in cultured highly differentiated colon epithelial cells (HT-29/B6). Methods: Chloride secretion was stimulated via cAMP by forskolin (FSK, 10^-5 M), via Ca²⁺ by the muscarinic agonist carbachol (CCh, 10^-4 M), and via protein kinase C by the phorbol ester PMA (5·10^-9 M). Stimulated Cl^- secretion was quantified as short circuit current (I_SC) of HT-29/B6 monolayers mounted in Ussing-type chambers. Results: Loperamide (5·10^-5 M) inhibited I_SC stimulated by FSK, CCh and PMA. The antisecretory action of loperamide was unaffected by preincubation with naloxone (10^-5 M). Furthermore, loperamide strongly inhibited basolateral ⁸⁶Rb efflux. Like loperamide, the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine (10^-4 M) inhibited I_SC induced by FSK, CCh or PMA. The Ca²⁺ channel blocker verapamil (5·10^-5 M), on the other hand, inhibited only PMA-stimulated I_SC, but had no effect on FSK or CCh-induced I_SC. Conclusions: Loperamide exerts a direct antisecretory action on chloride secretion of colon epithelial cells independently of the respective stimulatory signal transduction pathway. This antisecretory effect is not mediated by opiate receptors and reflects inhibition of basolateral K⁺ conductance.     

基于脾胃—脑相关理论研究电针对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠大脑皮层代谢物的影响

目的依据＂脾胃—脑相关＂理论,研究足阳明经穴位电针疗法对溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）大鼠大脑皮层代谢物的影响,识别关键代谢物。方法采用葡聚糖硫酸钠（dextran sulfate sodium,DSS）法复制UC大鼠模型,并随机分为模型组、电针组,每组13只,另选取13只大鼠为空白对照组（空白组）。采用疏密波电针足三里、天枢和上巨虚穴5天后,所有动物处死取直结肠和回盲部行病理形态学观察;分离脑皮层,分别提取水溶性和脂溶性脑组织代谢物,运用1H-NMR技术进行代谢组学研究。结果电针能明显改善UC大鼠模型的一般状况,降低UC大鼠的疾病活动指数（DAI）值（P〈0.05）,减轻UC大鼠肠道黏膜炎性细胞浸润,稳定线粒体、内质网等细胞结构。代谢组学研究显示,UC大鼠模型脑皮质中谷氨酸、TC和VLDL含量明显降低,而丙氨酸、LDL明显升高;电针干预后乳酸、谷氨酸、TC和VLDL均升高,而丙氨酸和LDL含量降低,与空白组接近。结论采用足阳明经穴针刺对UC模型脑组织代谢物有一定影响,基于脾胃与脑相关理论针刺治疗UC有其特定的代谢组学物质基础和机制。     

Electroacupuncture of Neiguan （PC 6） inhibits enhanced volt- age-gated sodium currents in ischemic ventricular myocytes

OBJECTIVE： To examine the effect of electroacupuncture（EA） at bilateral Neiguan（PC 6） on voltage-gated Na＋currents（INa） and channels（Nav） in ischemic ventricular myocytes.METHODS： EA serum was prepared from six male adult Sprague-Dawley rats that had received EA at bilateral Neiguan（PC 6）. Eighteen ventricular myocytes were prepared from six SD rats using an enzymolysis approach. Myocardial ischemia was mimicked by perfusion of ischemic solution. Whole-cell patch-clamping was used to record three currents evoked from isolated cells. The first current was the control, and recorded in absence of ischemic solution current. The second was the ischemic current,and recorded after perfusion of ischemic solution for 5 min, while the EA current was last, and recorded after perfusion of EA serum for 5 min. Navkinetic curves were fitted using related formulas.RESULTS： Compared with those in controls, in the presence of ischemic solution, peak amplitudes of INasignificantly increased from ﹣40 m V to ＋30 m V,and half-maximal inactivation potentials of Navincreased significantly, while half-maximal activation potentials, slope factors and the recovery time from inactivation to activation of Navwere unchanged. Compared with those in the ischemic solution, in the presence of EA serum, peak ischemic current amplitudes significantly reduced from ﹣40m V to ＋ 40 m V, and half-maximal inactivation potentials were restored, while half-maximal activation potentials, slope factors and the recovery time from inactivation to activation of Navwere unchanged.CONCLUSION： EA at bilateral Neiguan（PC 6） can reduce enhanced INavia restoration of delayed Navinactivation in ischemic ventricular myocytes.     

血府逐瘀汤及桔梗、牛膝对大鼠不同脏器中环核苷酸水平的影响

目的 观察桔梗、牛膝不同配伍的血府逐瘀汤对大鼠不同脏器中环核苷酸水平的影响.方法 采用ELISA法,观察桔梗、牛膝不同配伍的血府逐瘀汤对血瘀证模型大鼠各脏器组织中cAMP、cGMP含量及cAMP/cGMP比值的影响.结果 含桔梗的用药组心脏组织中cAMP、cGMP水平明显降低,含牛膝的用药组肝脏组织中cAMP水平明显降低,cGMP在肾脏中的分布增加.结论 桔梗确有“载药上行”之功,能增加药物在心肺中的分布;而牛膝确有“引药下行”之功,能增加药物在肝肾中的分布.     

The varitint–waddler mouse phenotypes and the TRPML3 ion channel mutation: cause and consequence

The transient receptor potential mucolipins (TRPMLs) are the most recently discovered subfamily of TRP ion channel proteins. Positional cloning approach has identified two mutations in the TRPML3 (Mcoln3) gene that cause the varitint–waddler mouse phenotypes. Short for variable tint (diluted coat color), the varitint–waddler consists two phenotypes Va and Va ^J . The mutation associated with the Va phenotype is an alanine to proline substitution at position 419 (A419P) within the predicted fifth transmembrane (TM5) domain of TRPML3. The second Va ^J mouse phenotype arose spontaneously from an isoleucine to threonine substitution at position 362 (I362T) that is proximal to the predicted TM3 domain in addition to the existing A419P mutation on TM5. Mice with the Va and Va ^J mutations exhibit a spectrum of disease phenotypes from diluted coat color to auditory and vestibular problems, depending on which alleles are present. It has been over 5 years since the discovery of these TRPML3 mutations, and it was just recently that the nature of these mutations has been characterized. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cell physiological effects of the two distinct TRPML3 mutations. We reveal the effects of proline substitution on transmembrane domain structure and channel function and discuss how the Va mutation confers its cytotoxicity, while the Va ^J mutation results in an apparent rescue phenotype. Finally, we briefly tackle molecular strategies that have been employed to neutralize the cytotoxic effect and constitutive channel activity of the Va mutation.     

Expression of leptin-like peptide (LLP) mRNA in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is induced by exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri but is independent of energy status

Leptin is a key pleiotropic cytokine involved in regulation of energy homeostasis and immunity in mammals. In channel catfish, the presence of a partial messenger RNA sequence that encodes a leptin-like peptide (LLP) has been identified and investigated. The objectives of the present studies were to clone and characterize full-length catfish LLP gene, examine tissue expression of LLP mRNA, and determine effects of prolonged fasting and exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri (E. ictaluri), the bacteria that causes enteric septicemia in catfish, on LLP mRNA expression. Full-length catfish LLP gene was sequenced by genome walking and by 5′- and 3′-RACE. Catfish LLP gene contained three exons with the coding region located in exons 2 and 3. The amino acid sequence of the channel catfish LLP shared very low sequence similarities with leptin of other fish species or the mammalian leptin (24-49%). Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, LLP mRNA expression was detected in various tissues including brain, stomach, spleen, heart, liver, and trunk kidney and was especially high in the liver and trunk kidney. Expression of LLP mRNA in liver and brain was similar between fish that were fasted for 30 days and those that received feed daily for 30 days (P > 0.10). Expression of LLP mRNA was increased in liver, spleen, and trunk kidney within 48 h post-exposure to E. ictaluri compared to unexposed fish (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the current studies, amino acid sequence of catfish LLP is highly dissimilar to mammalian and fish leptin. Unlike in most mammals, catfish LLP expression is independent of energy status. However, the expression of catfish LLP is increased after exposure to pathogenic bacteria, which is similar to mammals. Further investigations are required to clearly define the biological function and regulation of catfish LLP.     

Effects of Electroacupuncture at Different Points on Colorectal Distention-induced Changes in Blood Pressure, Electrogastrogram, Gastric Tension and Gastric Blood Flow

Objective: To investigate the specificity of the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at different acupoints on gastric functional activity and gastric blood flow after colorectal distension (CRD) in the rat. Methods: Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: a control group, a Zusanli group, a non-point group, a Taichong group and a Neiguan group. Rats were anesthetized after 18 h of fasting, and a rat model of nociceptive blood pressure elevation and abnormal electrogastrogram (EGG) and gastric tension (GT) was prepared by gasbag-induced CRD. EA was given bilaterally, and its effects on gastric blood flow (GBF) of the arcus vasculosi of the greater omentum, blood pressure, EGG fast wave properties, and gastric smooth muscle tension (GT) were quantified. Results: CRD induced an increase in blood pressure that was significantly inhibited by EA at all points (all P<0.05), and the inhibitory effects were greater in the Zusanli and Neiguan groups compared to the non-point group (both P<0.05). CRD also caused reductions in GT and GBF, and in the amplitude, frequency and duration of EGG waves (all P<0.05). These effects were also reversed by EA. The effects of EA on EGG wave amplitude, GT, and GBF were superior in the Zusanli group compared to the Taichong group, Neiguan group, and the non-point group. Conclusion: EA significantly counteracted CRD-induced changes in blood pressure, GBF, EGG, and GT. The effects of stimulation at Zusanli (ST 36) were significantly greater compared to other points, indicating relative specificity of this acupoint.