Performance of platinum stimulating electrodes,mapped on the limitvoltage plane

The paper introduces the electrode limit-voltage plane (ELVP)—a useful tool for describing in electrical terms what a polarisable electrode is doing under a particular set of conditions. The ELVP is then used to consider the charge-injection capability of a platinum stimulating electrode.     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

目的 比较阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效.方法 60例符合CCMD-3精神分裂症患者分为两组各30例,分别予阿立哌唑(A组)和利培酮(B组)治疗6周,采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表及不良反应症状量表评定疗效与副反应.结果 两组疗效及不良反应发生率比较差异无显著性意义.结论 阿立哌唑和利培酮对精神分裂症疗效相当,副反应差异亦不显著;但在锥体外系反应,内分泌改变及体重增加方面,阿立哌唑优于利培酮.     

Electronic aspects of spinal-cord stimulation in multiple sclerosis

Patients receiving chronic spinal-cord stimulation in the management of multiple sclerosis have been stimulated at a frequency of 33 Hz, with pulses whose duration has been varied between 0·05 ms and 2·0 ms. Measurements on the stimulating pulses show that the energy requirement was at a minimum when the pulse duration was 0·2 ms. The current and energy requirements of different patients using 0·2 ms pulses vary over a large range but measurement of the current requirement of a particular patient can be a useful observation in predicting his response to treatment: low current requirements are often associated with a good response and high currents with a poor response to treatment. The use of 0·2 ms pulses of the amplitude we have used meets the safety requirements established by other workers and our results indicate that this pulse duration is optimal in terms of safety requirements, as well as energy requirements.     

经颅磁刺激安全性的实验研究

目的 :探讨重复经颅磁刺激的安全性。方法 :选用 3 6只健康Wistar大鼠 ,随机分为对照组 ,低频刺激组和高频刺激组 ,对低频组和高频组分别给予不同频率和强度的经颅磁刺激 ,然后对各组大鼠的行为、组织病理形态学、血清髓鞘碱性蛋白 (MBP)及神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)含量进行观察。结果 :低频刺激组 (5Hz)和高频刺激组 (2 0Hz)在刺激过程中均未出现异常活动 ,无肢体强直、阵挛等 ,脑组织形态学包括大体观察、普通光镜及电镜改变不明显 ,其血清MBP和NSE含量与正常对照组比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :在一定强度和频率内经颅磁刺激是一种比较安全的方法     

文拉法辛与米氮平治疗抑郁症的对照研究

目的 评价文拉法辛与米氮平治疗抑郁症的疗效及安全性.方法 将76例抑郁症患者随机分为两组,分别给予文拉法辛和米氮平治疗,疗程8周.用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定临床疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应.结果 文法拉辛显效率76.3%,有效率92.1%,米氮平组为73.7%,89.5%,两组疗效相仿.在治疗2周末时,文法拉辛组减分多于米氮平,差异有显著性.两组不良反应均轻微.结论 文拉法辛和米氮平抗抑郁疗效肯定,不良反应轻.     

Immunogenicity and Safety of Two Different Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccines in Korean Infants

The incidence of invasive diseases, including meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was markedly decreased after routine immunization of Hib vaccine through diverse schedules in many countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of Hib conjugate vaccines in Korean children before the implementation of a national immunization program against Hib in Korea. A multicenter controlled trial was performed on two different Hib vaccines in Korean children. A total of 319 infants were enrolled: 199 infants were immunized with the Hib polysaccharide conjugated to the tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) and 120 infants with the Hib polysaccharide conjugated to the outer-membrane protein of Neisseria meningitides (PRP-OMP). Immunogenicity was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum bactericidal assay. Both vaccines showed good immunologic responses after primary immunization. After 2 doses of PRP-T or PRP-OMP, 78.9% and 91.7% of infants achieved an antibody level of ≥1.0 µg/mL, respectively. Both vaccines were safe and well-tolerated. No serious adverse events were observed. Thus, Hib conjugate vaccines appear to be safe and show good immunogenicity in Korean infants. These results will be important reference data for the implementation of Hib vaccine in the national immunization program of Korea.     

道路交通安全执法对医院质控的启示

道路交通安全执法对机动车的管理井然有序,而行人违规过马路现象却比比皆是。医院质控也常常出现类似的现象。文章比较了道路交通安全执法对机动车管理与行人管理的异同,认为道路交通安全执法与医院质控虽然属于不同的领域,但拥有相同或相似的功能和流程,可以作为跨行业功能性标杆来学习。道路交通安全执法对医院质控的启示为:（1）医院质控必须遵循结构质量—过程质量—结果质量（SPO）三维质量评价模型,且有机协同;（2）有效的质量控制必须符合热炉法则;（3）质控工作的重心应放在监控和改进上,即“有时去应急,常常去改进,总是去监控”;（4）遵循规章制度的自律文化的养成是良好质控的保证。     

1例用药错误事件的分析与改进

采用根本原因分析及行动法对1例儿科用药错误事件进行分析,确定根本原因,从人员、环境、制度等方面提出针对性改进措施。采取措施后,类似不良事件未再发生。建议医疗机构加强关键环节的有效沟通,鼓励患者参与医疗安全管理,营造病区安静环境,严格执行查对制度,正确识别患者身份,优化护理人力资源配置,以保证患者用药安全。     

一例促皮质素静脉外渗至局部皮肤坏死的案例解析与改进

对1例癫痫性痉挛患儿采用促皮质素静脉给药时发生静脉外渗至局部皮肤坏死的案例进行解析。针对事件发生原因,制定并采取措施:静脉穿刺难度事前评估,优化临床监护,加强相关知识培训,以肌肉注射代替静脉滴注等,避免了此类事件的再次发生,提升了临床合理用药水平,确保了患者安全。     

Immunogenicity and safety of two novel human papillomavirus 4- and 9-valent vaccines in Chinese women aged 20–45 years: A randomized,blinded, controlled with Gardasil (type 6/11/16/18), phase III non-inferiority clinical trial

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infections were the main cause of anogenital cancers and warts. HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccines provide protection against the high-risk types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. This randomized, blinded, non-inferiority phase III trial was to determine whether immunogenicity and tolerability would be non-inferior among women after receiving two novel 4- and 9-valent HPV vaccines (4vHPV, HPV 6/11/16/18; 9vHPV, HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) compared with those receiving Gardasil 4 (4-valent).Methods1680 females between 20 and 45 years were randomized in a 2:1:1 ratio to 20–26, 27–35, or 36–45 y groups. Subjects then equally assigned to receive 4vHPV, 9vHPV or Gardasil 4 (control) vaccine at months 0, 2, and 6. End points included non-inferiority of HPV-6/11/16/18 antibodies for 4vHPV versus control, and 9vHPV versus control and safety. The immunogenicity non-inferiority was pre-defined as the lower bound of 95% confidence interval (CI) of seroconversion rate (SCR) difference > ?10% and the lower bound of 95% CI of geometric mean antibody titer (GMT) ratio > 0.5.ResultsAmong the three vaccine groups, more than 99% of the participants seroconverted to all 4 HPV types. The pre-specified statistical non-inferiority criterion for the immunogenicity hypothesis was met: all the lower bounds of 95% CIs on SCR differences exceeded ?10% for each vaccine HPV type and the corresponding lower bounds of 95% CIs for GMT ratios > 0.5. Across vaccination groups, the most common vaccination reaction were injection-site adverse events (AEs), including pain, swelling, and redness. General and serious AEs were similar in the three groups. There were no deaths.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the novel 4- and 9-valent HPV vaccination was highly immunogenic and generally well tolerated, both of which were non-inferior to Gardasil 4 in immunogenicity and safety.