磁共振(MRI)扩散峰度成像(DKI)与拉伸指数模型(SEM)评价裸鼠原位肝细胞癌(HCC)异质性

 目的   探讨磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)扩散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)和拉伸指数模型(stretched exponential model,SEM)评估自然生长状态下裸鼠原位肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)空间和时间异质性的价值。方法   将25只原位HCC裸鼠模型随机分为A、B、C、D和E组,每组5只,分别于原位种植瘤生长至第21、28、35、42和49天进行1.5T MRI扫描,获得DKI和SEM以下各参数:平均峰度(mean kurtosis,MK)、平均扩散系数(mean diffusivity,MD)、扩散异质性指数α和扩散分布指数(distributed diffusion coefficient,DDC)。使用Kruskal-Wallis H 检验和Mann-Whitney U 检验比较各组间肿瘤DKI和SEM各参数的差异。使用Spearman相关分析评价DKI和SEM各参数与组织病理学上坏死分数(necrotic fraction,NF)、微血管密度(micro-vessel density,MVD)、肿瘤细胞增殖指标Ki-67指数、HE染色肿瘤最大径切面直方图异质性指标的标准差(standard deviation,SD)和峰度以及肿瘤大小之间的相关性。结果   各组间肿瘤MK、MD、α和DDC值差异均有显著统计学意义(P均<0.05)。D组肿瘤MK值明显高于A、B和E组(P均<0.05),α值明显低于A、B和E组(P均<0.05)。D组肿瘤MD和DDC值显著高于B组(P均<0.05),E组显著高于B、C组(P均<0.05)。5组肿瘤的MK值与SD和峰度值高度正相关(r=0.603和0.604,P均<0.05),α值与SD和峰度值高度负相关(r=-0.627和-0.620,P均<0.05)。从第21天至第42天肿瘤MK值与NF(r=0.587,P=0.006)、MVD(r=0.490,P=0.028)、Ki-67指数(r=0.569,P=0.009)和肿瘤大小(r=0.503,P=0.024)中度正相关,α值与NF(r=-0.577,P=0.008)、MVD(r=-0.490,P=0.028)、Ki-67指数(r=-0.574,P=0.008)和肿瘤大小(r=-0.488,P=0.029)中度负相关。从第28至第49天肿瘤MD和DDC值与NF高度正相关(r=0.706和0.664,P均<0.05),与肿瘤大小中度正相关(r=0.492和0.525,P均<0.05)。结论   DKI和SEM或可成为临床无创性评价HCC时间和空间异质性的生物影像学指标。     

Er,Cr:YSGG激光联合粘结剂封闭牙本质小管的封闭效果

目的 通过扫描电镜观察,定量评估并比较自酸蚀粘结剂、Er,Cr:YSGG激光及其联合应用对牙本质小管的封闭效果.方法 将40颗人新鲜拔除的第三磨牙制备成1.5 mm厚的牙本质片,用35%磷酸处理10 s,采用简单随机分组法将标本随机分为四组:A组为空白对照组,不做任何处理;B组和C组为自酸蚀粘结剂组和Er,Cr:YSGG激光组,分别用Clearfil S3 Bond自酸蚀粘结剂和Er,Cr:YSGG激光进行表面处理;D组为Er,Cr:YSGG激光联合粘结剂组,先用Er,Cr:YSGG激光进行表面照射,后用自酸蚀粘结剂进行表面处理,扫描电镜下观察各组牙本质表面及纵剖面的超微结构.结果 (1)表面结构:A组牙本质小管口全部开放,清晰无玷污层;B组牙本质小管口表面覆盖大量晶体状结晶物,牙本质小管口明显缩窄;C组牙本质小管口表面呈凹凸不平的熔融状,牙本质小管口不规则地向管中心缩窄;D基本看不到牙本质小管口,牙本质表面覆盖有一层均匀的细结晶物.(2)纵剖面结构:A组牙本质小管呈条索状平行排列,小管内光滑无堵塞物;B组牙本质小管内可见长条状的致密树脂突堵塞物;C组牙本质小管内堵塞物进入牙本质小管深度较浅;D组牙本质小管内可见白色细条索状堵塞物,外部为一层均匀致密物质.(3)组间牙本质小管直径和面积比较,空白对照组>粘结剂组>激光组>联合组,组间牙本质小管堵塞率比较,联合组>激光组>粘结剂组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 自酸蚀粘结剂,Er,Cr:YSGG激光,以及两者联合应用均能有效封闭牙本质小管,且联合组优于单独应用.     

在体骨髓原位造血细胞间纳米通道的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)证据

 目的  探讨在体骨髓细胞之间是否存在细胞间纳米通道(intercellular nanotubes)。方法  利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)在体原位观察C57BL/6小鼠骨髓中细胞间纳米通道的分布、形态以及可能的形成机制。结果  骨髓造血细胞之间存在纳米通道结构。SEM显示该结构在骨髓组织中散在分布,位于骨髓内血窦内、外侧。骨髓造血细胞间纳米通道的管径粗细不均,平均长度为5.85 μm (1.58~18.54 μm),平均直径为364 nm (202~541 nm),还可见一些小颗粒状物质黏附在纳米通道表面。此外,小鼠骨髓造血细胞可能通过伸出突起的形式形成细胞间纳米通道。结论  本研究首次为小鼠骨髓造血细胞之间存在细胞间纳米通道提供了形态学证据。     

Characterization of vitamin–cisplatin-loaded chitosan nano-particles for chemoprevention and cancer fatigue

Abstract

Context: Vitamins have been shown to reduce chemotherapy-related fatigue (CRF) by conserving energy loss both during and after cancer treatment. However, it remains unknown whether this reduction of fatigue interferes with the cancer drugs or alters the effectiveness of these agents. Objectives: The objective was to synthesize vitamin–cisplatin-loaded chitosan nano-particles for chemoprevention and cancer fatigue. Materials and methods: Multi-vitamin (C, D3, and B12)–cisplatin composite nano-formulation called NanoCisVital (NCV) to overcome CRF. The interactions between vitamins and NCV were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and a particle size analyser. The chemo-preventive activity was performed by in vitro bio assays. Results: SEM analysis showed spherical shape and the size is?<?225?nm. NCV inhibited the proliferating yeast cells as well as denaturation of bovine serum albumin, and it also reduced the sprouting of new blood vessels in dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that the NCV particles can be used to reduce CRF without much affecting the anti-cancer properties of cisplatin.     

Stable dry powder inhaler formulation of tranilast attenuated antigen-evoked airway inflammation in rats

Tranilast (TL) has been clinically used for the treatment of airway inflammatory diseases, although the clinical use of TL is limited because of its poor solubility and systemic side effects. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel respirable powder of TL (CSD/TL-RP) for inhalation therapy was developed using nanocrystal solid dispersion of TL (CSD/TL). Stability study on CSD/TL-RP was carried out with a focus on inhalation performance. Even after 6 months of storage at room temperature, there were no significant morphological changes in micronized particles on the surface of carrier particles as compared with that before storage. Cascade impactor analyses on CSD/TL-RP demonstrated high inhalation performance with emitted dose and fine particle fraction (FPF) of ca. 98% and 60%, respectively. Long-term storage of CSD/TL-RP resulted in only a slight decrease in FPF value (ca. 54%). Inhaled CSD/TL-RP could attenuate antigen-induced inflammatory events in rats, as evidenced by marked reduction of granulocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and inflammatory biomarkers such as eosinophil peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase. These findings were consistent with decreased expression levels of mRNAs for nuclear factor-kappa B and cyclooxygenase-2, typical inflammatory mediators. Given these findings, inhalable TL formulation might be an interesting alternative to oral therapy for the treatment of asthma and other airway inflammatory diseases with sufficient dispersing stability.     

麻黄属6种植物茎叶表皮的扫描电镜观察

目的：通过对麻黄属植物茎、叶表面气孔及微形态特征观察,为其遗传育种及分类研究提供重要微观特征和依据。方法：利用扫描电镜观察6种麻黄属植物茎、叶表面气孔密度、气孔长轴、短轴、气孔形态及茎、叶表面特征。结果：6种麻黄属植物之间气孔密度、茎、叶表面特征存在不同程度的差异；气孔表现出典型旱生植物的特征,略下陷,气孔保卫细胞被厚的角质层覆盖,并形成突起状角质唇状物；气孔大小、形状在种之间无明显区别；叶表面、茎表面气孔均属于无规则型,但形状明显不同,前者主要呈长方形或六边形,后者为窄条形或哑铃形。结论：麻黄属植物气孔的类型及特征比较固定和保守,气孔的大小、形状仅在种内有变异,种间差异较小,分种的价值不大,但在植物分类上具有重要的鉴定价值。     

Autoschizis: a novel cell death

Vitamin C (VC) and vitamin K(3) (VK(3)) administered in a VC:VK(3) ratio of 100:1 exhibit synergistic antitumor activity and preferentially kill tumor cells by autoschizis, a novel type of necrosis characterized by exaggerated membrane damage and progressive loss of organelle-free cytoplasm through a series of self-excisions. During this process, the nucleus becomes smaller, cell size decreases one-half to one-third of its original size, and most organelles surround an intact nucleus in a narrow rim of cytoplasm. While the mitochondria are condensed, tumor cell death does not result from ATP depletion. However, vitamin treatment induces a G(1)/S block, diminishes DNA synthesis, increases H(2)O(2) production, and decreases cellular thiol levels. These effects can be prevented by the addition of catalase to scavenge the H(2)O(2). There is a concurrent 8- to 10-fold increase in intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Electrophoretic analysis of DNA reveals degradation due to the caspase-3-independent reactivation of deoxyribonuclease I and II (DNase I, DNase II). Redox cycling of the vitamins is believed to increase oxidative stress until it surpasses the reducing ability of cellular thiols and induces Ca(2+) release, which triggers activation of Ca(2+)-dependent DNase and leads to degradation of DNA. Recent experiments indicate that oral VC:VK(3) increases the life-span of tumor-bearing nude mice and significantly reduces the growth rate of solid tumors without any significant toxicity by reactivating DNase I and II and inducing autoschizis. This report discusses the mechanisms of action employed by these vitamins to induce tumor-specific death by autoschizis.     

海龙类药材扫描电镜观察

对7种海龙类药材表面进行了扫描电镜观察,结果表明其种间区别明显,可以作为该类药材的鉴别依据。     

德国小蠊,美洲大蠊卵荚光镜与扫描电镜观察

本文报告了长春市德国小蠊和美洲大蠊卵荚光镜和扫描电镜形态特征,并讨论了两种蜚蠊卵荚的鉴别要点。