Pediatric intestinal transplantation

Advancements in donor management, organ preservation and operative techniques, as well as immunosuppressive therapies, have provided children with intestinal failure and its complications a chance not only for enteral autonomy but also long-term survival through intestinal transplantation (ITx). First described in the 1960’s, experience has grown in managing these complex patients both pre- and post-transplant. The goals of this review are to provide a brief history of intestinal transplantation and intestinal rehabilitation in pediatric patients, followed by focused discussions of the indications for ITx, induction and maintenance immunosuppression therapies, common post-operative complications, and outcomes/quality of life post-transplant.     

聚合酶链反应检测细菌16S rRNA基因

根据细菌１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因的高度保守性,设计合成所有细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌及革兰氏阴性细菌的共同引物,采用聚合酶链反应检测已知细菌１３株,三对引物分别扩增的阳性率为１００％,倍比稀释法能检出细菌的最低浓度为４ＣＦＵ·ｍｌ－１,同时检测临床样本４０份,阳性率为６７５％（２７／４０）,同期细菌培养阳性率为４５％（１８／４０）,二者比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示聚合酶链反应检测细菌１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因具有高度的特异性和敏感性。     

铝-铬天青-溴化十六烷基啶胶束增溶分光光度法测定血清铝的方法研究

在溶液p H6-5 ～5-5 范围内,铝铬天青S(CAS)溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB) 生成兰色三元胶束配合物,它的最大吸收在618n m 波长,摩尔吸光系数ε为9-642 ×104L.m ol-1 .c m -1 。在铝含量0 ～6-0 ×10 -6m ol.L- 1,遵循比耳定律,AlCASCPB三元配合物的组成摩尔比是1∶2∶3 。一定量的抗坏血酸和盐酸羟胺可以消除血清中与铝共存的其它阳离子Fe3 ,Cu2 等的干扰。该方法的检出限为6-60 ×10 - 7mol .L-1 ,平均回收率(96-11 ±2-87) % ,相对标准差小于3 % 。方法简便易行,有较高的准确度和灵敏度,用于血清铝的测定可获得满意结果     

Episcleritis in childhood

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and systemic disease associations of episcleritis in childhood. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve children diagnosed with episcleritis between July 1981 and June 1998. METHODS/TESTING: Complete eye and systemic evaluations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics of episcleritis and presence and nature of concurrent systemic disease. RESULTS: The 12 children (10 boys and 2 girls) ranged in age from 13 months to 16 years. Five children had bilateral simple episcleritis, one had bilateral nodular episcleritis, and six had unilateral simple episcleritis. The eye examination was otherwise normal and recovery was uneventful in all cases. Six of the nine children older than 5 years of age had one of the following rheumatologic diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatic fever, or polyarteritis nodosa. All three children younger than 5 years of age had simple episcleritis, an antecedent viral illness, and presented within 2 months of each other. CONCLUSIONS: Episcleritis is a rare occurrence in childhood, especially in children younger than 5 years of age. In older children, it is frequently associated with rheumatologic disease.     

Population studies of three AMPFLPs systems in a North Polish population

Allele and phenotype frequencies for D1S80, D17S5 and ApoB were determined in a population sample of more than 200 unrelated persons from North Poland using the PCR method. For D1S80, D17S5 and ApoB 19, 13 and 21 alleles respectively were observed. No deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected. All three systems have discrimination values above 92% and a cumulative discrimination index of 4.5 × 10⁴.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. J. Gerchow on the occasion of his 75th anniversary     

Polymorphism analysis of the VNTR locus D17S5 in Central Spain

The fragment length polymorphism YNZ22 (D17S5) was analysed for a sample of 207 unrelated individuals living in Madrid (Spanish Caucasians) using PCR-methodology and high resolution separation. Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) were calculated after pooling alleles into four groups. No deviations from HWE were detectable using the conventional ²-test. The power of discrimination was estimated as 0.96 and the mean paternity exclusion chance as 0.7587. A comparison of the allele frequency distribution with those of other Caucasian groups revealed no major differences.     

Effects of enkephalins and two enzyme resistant analogues on monoamine synthesis and metabolism in rat brain

Summary Methionine-enkephalin and leucineenkephalin, administered into the lateral ventricle of intact rats, increased the accumulation of DOPA by a naloxone-sensitive mechanism in different brain regions after inhibition of the aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase. Because of the rapid enzymatic degradation of both enkephalins large doses (500 g) were required to enhance brain catecholamine synthesis. The two enzyme resistant enkephalin analogues d-Ala²-methionine enkephalin amide (DALA (4–256 g) and FK 33-824 (0.003–1 g) also increased the synthesis of DOPA, dose-dependently and by naloxone-sensitive mechanisms, but at much lower dosage level. The enkephalins markedly enhanced the brain tyrosine concentration but this effect was not antagonized by naloxone, probably because the enzymatic cleavage releases tyrosine from the administered peptides. In contrast, neither DALA nor FK 33-824 increased the brain tyrosine concentration. The formation of 5-HTP and the brain tryptophan concentration were also increased by the enkephalins, although these effects were not blocked by naloxone. The enkephalin analogues, however, enhanced the formation of 5-HTP and the brain tryptophan concentration by naloxonesensitive mechanisms. All four peptides accelerated the disappearance of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine after inhibition of monoamine synthesis. The results suggest that endogenous enkephalins, through the activation of opiate receptors, are involved in the short-term regulation of central monoaminergic systems.Preliminary data were presented at the Nobel Symposium 42, Principles for the Central Regulation of the Endocrine System, Stockholm, June 8–10, 1978, and at the 4th International Catecholamine Symposium, Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, California, September 17–22, 1978     

Amacrine cells,bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina: A Golgi study

Neuronal types contributing to the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina are described based primarily on light microscopy of Golgi-impregnated retinal whole-mounts. Cells have been characterized on morphological criteria that include dendritic branching patterns, dendritic tree sizes, cell body sizes and stratification of processes in the inner plexiform layer. Nine different types of bipolar cell, 22 different types of amacrine cell and 23 different types of ganglion cell can be distinguished using one or more of these morphological criteria. The significance of the different morphological types of cells is discussed, particularly in relationship to the functional bisublamination of the cat inner plexiform layer.     

Specific staining of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier with ferric ion and ferrocyanide

Ferric ion and ferrocyanide were used as stains for light and electron microscopy of peripheral nerves. In rat sciatic nerves, it was found that ferric ion preferentially binds to the cytoplasmic surface of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier but not at internodal regions. In myelinated axons in the electric organ of the gymnotid fish, Sternarchus albifrons, the small excitable nodes are similarly stained, but the larger inexcitable nodes are not stained by ferric ion. Staining of the inner surface of the nodal membrane appears to be related to a structural specialization of this membrane, rather than accessibility to stain. Our data thus show a chemical differentiation of the inner surface of the axon membrane between nodes and internodes in normal peripheral nerve fibers and between the inner surface of the axon membrane at active nodes, inactive nodes, and the internodes in the Sternarchus electrocyte axons.